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| Tajikistan Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see batura wall 7789m batura wall 7789m www.pakistan.jp Tajikistan is a small Central Asian country bordering Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, China and Afghanistan. The Tajiks are not a Turkic people (like most peoples in the region), but are closely related to the Iranians. The Tajik language is closely related to Farsi, and some of the best and most famous 'Iranian' poets are actually Tajiks. The capital city of Tajikistan is Dushanbe. The city of Penjikent is close to the border with Uzbekistan and can be reached from Samarkand. Penjikent has some impressive remains of the ancient Sodgian civilization. Tajikistan is very mountainous. On the one hand this means that the scenery is great, with excellent hiking opportunities, but on the other hand it means that travel can be time consuming and rough. ___________History Edit This Historically, after the breakup of the Indo-European family, the Aryan branch subdivided so that the Medes and the Pars migrated to the Iranian plateau where they created the Median and Persian Empires respectively; the Sughd and the Hind migrated to the Aral Sea region. Subsequently, the Hind migrated southeast and occupied the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent. Early history: Much, if not all, of what is today Tajikistan was part of ancient Persia's Achaemenid Empire (sixth to fourth centuries B.C.), which was subdued by Alexander the Great in the fourth century B.C. and then became part of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom, one of the successor states to Alexander's empire. The northern part of what is now Tajikistan was part of Soghdiana, a distinct region that intermittently existed as a combination of separate oasis states and sometimes was subject to other states. Sughdiana, settled between 1,000 and 500 BC by Iranian tribes, passed into the hands of the Achaemenians who lost it to Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC.Two important cities in what is now northern Tajikistan, Khujand (formerly Leninobod; Russian spelling Leninabad) and Panjakent, as well as Bukhoro (Bukhara) and Samarqand (Samarkand) in contemporary Uzbekistan, were Soghdian in antiquity. As intermediaries on the Silk Route between China and markets to the west and south, the Soghdians imparted religions such as Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism , as well as their own alphabet and other knowledge, to peoples along the trade routes. The Arabs conquered Sughdiana in the early 600s. Under Muslim rule, especially with Samanid support, Sughdiana grew to encompass Maymurgh, Qabodian, Kushaniyya, Bukhara, Kish, Nasaf, Samarqand, and Panjekent, each a virtual kingdom . Persians in Central Asia: The Persian influence on Central Asia , already prominent before the Islamic conquest, grew even stronger afterward. Under Iran 's last pre-Islamic empire, the Sassanian, the Persian language and culture as well as the Zoroastrian religion spread among the peoples of Central Asia , including the ancestors of the modern Tajiks. In the wake of the Islamic conquest, Persian-speakers settled in Central Asia , where they played an active role in public affairs and furthered the spread of the Persian language and culture, their language displacing Eastern Iranian ones. By the twelfth century, Persian had also supplanted Arabic as the written language for most subjects . The Samanids : In the development of a modern Tajik national identity, the most important state in Central Asia after the Islamic conquest was the Persian-speaking Samanid principality (875-999), which came to rule most of what is now Tajikistan , as well as territory to the south and west. During their reign, the Samanids supported the revival of the written Persian language. Samanids were the Empire and the rulers of a huge amount of land. They were rulers and most of their soldiers and, workers were Turks. It ,s pbvious that they used Persian language durin the Ottoman Statte, they call as Old Turkish language but it came from Samanids to them, as their rulers used that language. Early in the Samanid period, Bukhoro(Buchara) became well-known as a center of learning and culture throughout the eastern part of the Persian-speaking world. Samanid literary patronage played an important role in preserving the culture of pre-Islamic Iran . The Tajiks came into prominence as a people under the rule of the Samanids (875-999) who undermined and, to a great degree centralized the government. They also revived the ancient urban centers as Bukhara , Samarqand, Merv, Nishapur, Hirat, Balkh , Khujand, Panjekent, and Holbuq which, in turn, elevated the socio-political, economic and, necessarily, cultural dynamics of the new and progressive Samanid state. Additionally, the Samanids introduced a major program of urbanization, a new civic administration, and a revival of traditional local customs. Furtheremore, the Samanids allocated resources for public education and encouraged innovation and enterprise. In short, they created a civilization that, in many respects, was unique for its time . Samanid revival benefited the sciences, especially mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. Geography, historiography, and philosophy, alongside literature, cultivated the social aspects while mining, zoology, and agriculture contributed to the economy and the well-being of the State. There is hardly anyone in the history of medieval mathematics and the theory of numbers who could rival the fame of al-Khwarazmi, the author of Kitab al-Mukhtasar fi Hisab al-Jabr wa al-Muqabilah. Just a mention of the word "algebra" is sufficient to conjure up the milieu to which al-Biruni, Ibn-i Sina, Sijzi, and Buzjani contributed. Both al-Biruni and Ibn-i Sina were involved in the field of physics as well. The former excelled in the practical aspects of physics while the latter contributed to the theoretical dimensions of the same. The physicist par excellence of the era, however, was Muhammad Zakariyyah al-Razi, the founder of practical physics and the inventor of the special or net weight of matter. Other contributors to physics were Ibn-i Sina (accoustics), Ibn-i Haitham (optics), and al-Biruni (the completion of the efforts of al-Razi in determining special weights). Medicine was the first of the Greek sciences to attract the attention of Muslim scientists. The history of medicine in the region, however, dates back to pre-Islamic times when, in AD 529, the Byzantine Emperor Justinian closed the Plato Academy that had been working under the direction of Precleus. Seven Roman scientists, who did not have an academy in which to work, were invited by Khusrau I Anushiravan to Iran to carry out their research in the newly founded University of Gundishapur . The forte of the researchers of the University of Gundishapur , which continued into Islamic times‹until the middle of the ninth century‹was medicine. Finally, the promotion of the arts and sciences led to the institution of new centers of learning such as madrasahs built on the model of the University of Gundishapur . It also led to the creation of centers for storing and retrieving information such as the Sivan al-Hikmat in Bukhara . These were libraries full of manuscripts spanning translations from Greek and Syriac languages on aspects of philosophy to innovative theories of contemporary scholars such as Ibn-i Sina and al-Biruni. Two major factors contributed to the demise of the rule of the Tajiks. The rising power of the Turks, originally slaves and later commanders in the army of the Samanids; and the rise of the Mongols who, in 1220 overrun Central Asia and devastated the region. Whether the Tajiks would have been able to whether the tide of Turkish ascendancy and recaptured the glory of the Samanid days remains a matter of speculation. During Mongol rule (1219-1370), agricultural development and urban expansion were halted, local traditions of kingship were dismissed, and the Shari'a was replaced by the Yasa. Indeed, the Yasa was used to enforce anti-Muslim policies, discouraging the Central Asian elite from rebellion against the Chaghatai khans. Tajiks who could not tolerate the intensity of Mongol rule either migrated abroad or lived in isolation in the highlands. The fortunes of the Tajiks declined when the Golden Horde was dissolved and its constituent tribes joined the Oguz Turks who had settled Transoxiana in the 10th century. Rather than settling on the fringes of the urban areas as they had on the Qipchak plain, the new invaders wrested the Tajiks' farms and became farmers. Leaving their cultural centers of Samarqand and Bukhara , the Tajiks continued to take refuge in the highlands. Thus, during the Shaibanid, Astarkhanid, and Manghit rule, Tajik cultural domination declined so that in 1920 the Tajiki language was discontinued as the official language of the Emirate of Bukhara. The Uzbeks, however, were not the only intruders. Russians, after Muzaffar's defeat in 1868, dominated the Turks. Indeed, the Uzbek-Turks served as governors and tax collectors for the Russians. Soviet era: Short after Russian revolution (1917) the Tajik basmachi guerrillas began a campaign to free the region from Bolshovik rules. It took four years for Bolshoviks to crush this resistance and in the process entire villages were razed, mosques destroyed and great tracts of land waste. In 1924, the Soviets divided the Tajik population between the Autonomous Republic of Turkistan and the People's Republic of Bukhara . The Tajiks, however, continued their struggle; to gain independence. But Soviet rule, and the creation of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic in October 1924, ultimately created and solidified a new kind of Uzbek identity. At the same time, the Soviet policy of cutting across existing ethnic and linguistic lines in the region to create Uzbekistan and the other new republics also sowed tension and strife among the Central Asian groups that inhabited the region. In particular, the territory of Uzbekistan was drawn to include the two main Tajik cultural centers, Bukhara and Samarqand, as well as parts of the Fergana Valley to which other ethnic groups could lay claim. But the republic borders inherited from Soviet territorial adminstration are as problematic as the ethnic distinctions inherited from Soviet nationality policy.Republic borders were drawn in Central Asia to divide the population into supposed national homelands according to the Soviet-certified nationalities. No political entity with the current borders of Uzbekistan ever existed before the Soviet period, but the newly written histories of Uzbekistan implicitly project the idea of the present day territory as a coherent whole indefinitely backwards in time, thereby giving it a timeless legitimacy . Between 1929 when Tajikistan SSR centered on Dushanbe came into existence and 1970, Tajikistan underwent intensive Sovietization which, by necessity, accompanied the type of education compatible with carrying out collectivization and industrialization. As was the case in the other republics of the Soviet union , those with nationalistic tendencies were purged. The building of the new socialist republic began in earnest in the early 1930s. In the early stages, a casual observer would not perceive the change immediately. Much of ancient Bukhara continued to resist change. Besides, many peasants preferred the plow to the tractor and many others advocated a return to the old ways. Their numbers, however, were decreasing as were the numbers of their donkeys, mules, and carts that carried the fruits of their labor to the town and city markets. By the early 1930's, there was no question in anyone's mind that Tajikistan was on the way to becoming a modern republic with a growing industrial base in the north and a burgeoning agricultural enterprise in the south. The record of production of devoted Tajik workers, driven by ideology, confirms this view. The Bolshoviks never fully trusted this troublesome republic and during the 1930s almost all Tajiks in positions of influence within the government wrer replaced by stooges from Moscow . __________Economy Edit This Economy—overview: Tajikistan has the lowest per capita GDP among the former Soviet republics. Agriculture dominates the economy with cotton the most important crop. Mineral resources varied but limited in amount include silver gold uranium and tungsten. Industry is limited to a large aluminum plant hydropower facilities and small obsolete factories mostly in light industry and food processing. The Tajik economy has been gravely weakened by four years of civil conflict and by the loss of subsidies from Moscow and of markets for its products. Tajikistan thus depends on aid from Russia and Uzbekistan and on international humanitarian assistance for much of its basic subsistence needs. Even if the peace agreement of June 1997 is honored the country faces major problems in integrating refugees and former combatants into the economy. Moreover constant political turmoil and the continued dominance by former communist officials have impeded the introduction of meaningful economic reforms. GDP: purchasing power parity—$4.1 billion (1997 est.) GDP—real growth rate: -10% (1997 est.) GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity—$700 (1997 est.) GDP—composition by sector: agriculture: 25% industry: 35% services: 40% (1997) Inflation rate—consumer price index: 40% (1996 est.) Labor force: total: 1.9 million (1996) by occupation: agriculture and forestry 52% manufacturing mining and construction 17% services 31% (1995) Unemployment rate: 2.4% includes only officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of underemployed workers and unregistered unemployed people (December 1996) Budget: revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA including capital expenditures of $NA Industries: aluminum zinc lead chemicals and fertilizers cement vegetable oil metal-cutting machine tools refrigerators and freezers Industrial production growth rate: -20% (1996 est.) Electricity—capacity: 4.443 million kW (1995) Electricity—production: 14.66 billion kWh (1995) Electricity—consumption per capita: 2 302 kWh (1995) Agriculture—products: cotton grain fruits grapes vegetables; cattle sheep goats Exports: total value: $768 million (1996 est.) commodities: cotton aluminum fruits vegetable oil textiles partners: FSU 78% Netherlands (1994) Imports: total value: $657 million (1996 est.) commodities: fuel chemicals machinery and transport equipment textiles foodstuffs partners: FSU 55% Switzerland UK (1994) Debt—external: $635 million (of which $250 million to Russia) (1995 est.) Economic aid: recipient: ODA $22 million (1993) note: commitments $885 million (disbursements $115 million) (1992-95) Currency: the Tajikistani ruble (TJR) = 100 tanga; Tajikistan introduced its own currency in May 1995 Exchange rates: Tajikistani rubles (TJR) per US$1—350 (January 1997) 284 (January 1996) Fiscal year: calendar year __________People Edit This batura wall 7789m batura wall 7789m www.pakistan.jp Wakhi The inhabitants of Wakhan , Boroghil and Gujal are the Wakhi tribe who belong to an ancient Iranian stock, They have Moingolide features and it is believed they are the master speakers of Ghalcha language of the past.. A thin wedge of Afghan territory known as the “Wakhan corridor” separates Tajikistan and Pakistan which is the home land of these nomads. In Chitral and Ishkuman, Wakhan is known as Wokh and the people as Wakhi, in Hunza the name of Wakhan is Gojal and the people of Wakhan as Gojali. In the past the name of Hunza was little Gojal, while Wakhan was known as big Gojal. The Wakhi live as a semi-pastoral society, which depends on agriculture and cattle raising. The Wakhi huts are made of mud and due to climate conditions their huts have no veranda or corridor. All the rooms in the house are interconnected and have one outlet at a convinent place well protected from the wind. There is a small outlet for smoke and light. Cooking is done in the living room , while grain storage is in a separate room connected to it. If in the neighbourhood of a settlement a suitable base area of stone is located then a centeral storages place is constructed having separate areas for different families. The people are peace loving modest and friendly. Crimes do not exist in this society and the people have a peaceful existence. Due to the harsh weather and long winters people are addicted to opium. Trans border relations of the frontier people are very common in areas where borders are mere unnatural barriers. When the Persians and Tartars subjucated the areas north of the Hindukush in the 12th century the southern valleys of the Hindukush gained a distinct identy under different names as Bolor, Dardistan, Tibet Gujal, Kashkar etc who were divided by the chains of mountains however the Ghalcha and Dard people living on the northern and southern side of the Hindukush have been close to each other despite the natural hurdle of the mountain chains. Trade caravans and pilgrims from eastern Turkistan used to cross over the Kurambar Boroghil and Darwaza passes into Chitral and this caravan route served as a permanent link between these regions. Many people from Chitral crossed into Wakhan for permanent settlement. The Wakhi herdsmen usually came with their flocks to the Boroghil for summer camps. Wakhi horsemen used to visit for Polo and Buzkashi as far south as Razdan field in Torikho valley. The Wakhi art, craft and architecture occupy a distinct place in the neighbouring area. There are certain festivities which mark particular occasions and vary from valley to valley. The first seed sowing is a time of festivity where a bowl of grain part of it roasted is handed to the head of the family who scatters half of it around the house. Then the house head first scrambles as if starting for his plough then rushes back onto the roof top to scatter the remaining bowl through the ventilation sky hole in the roof into the house. He then goes to the fields to trace circular line twice around it and scatters seeds, his entry into the house is resisted and after much persuasion the women open the doors. Next day early in the morning before daylight he bring an ass into the house and there is much joking and fun made after which the ass is sprinkled with flour and driven out. The Wakhi are fond of music Daf open drum and flute and Rabab are popularly played. Male members are responsible for farming, weaving woolen clothes . While women look after the house and cattle. :::::::::::Dushanbe Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see A..../Hunza A..../Hunza www.pakistan.jp The capital of Tajikstan is nestled in the snowcapped Pamir Mountains and has a population of 600 000. It wasn’t always the premier city in the country: Until 1926 Dushanbe was a tiny village whose main importance was a market held every Monday (the city’s name means Monday in Tajik). Then the railroad came to town and transformed the sleepy hamlet into a major transportation hub. The soviet building boom left its scars on the city. Nonetheless its tree-lined streets and avenues and stalinst government buildings are not without a certain charm. The biggest attraction in town is the Barakat covered market where colorful Tajik goods are sold. Other sites include the motley Tajikistan Unified Museum (stuffed animals and ex-Soviet memorabilia) the Ethnographic Museum (traditional handicrafts) the Rokhat teahouse and Aini Square and Memorial Complex (named after the father of Tajik literature). After you’ve exhausted the possibilities in town take a day trip to Gissar Fortress 18 mi/30 km away. The stronghold built in the 18th century and abandoned after 1920 was once the residence of the Turko-Mongric rulers. Other excursions can be made to Adzhina-Tepe (an ancient Buddhist monastery) and to the Varzob Gorge the site of a health resort and thermal springs (it will appeal to those who feel that hot radon steam is therapeutic). The Ramit Nature Reserve lies not far off. ::::::::::Hisar Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see photo Hisar is an ancient town of Tajikistan. Hisar has old Castle, madrasa's and Architectoral memories. ::::::::Nurek Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Nurek is in Tadjikistan, Central Asia, some 70 km from Dushanbe, capital city of Tajikistan. Nurek is a town with about 40000 population is surrounded by mountains and is famous with a hydropower station build there during Soviets. The dam of the station is of the highest in the world (300m)... Vakhsh river divides the city into to parts... Nurek is a nice place to visit for couple days... there are nice restaurants and very friendly and nice people... taxi to Nurek from Dushanbe would cost you about 15-20 $US... ::::::::Penjikent Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Substantially closer to Samarkand Uzbekistan than to Dushanbe, Penjikent is the old center of the Sogdian empire. Around the modern town and in its museum you will find remains of this preislamic civilization. The remains of the Sogdian city of Panjikent are just out of town on a hill overlooking the valley. You can wander around the site without being bothered by anyone. Unfortunately there are hardly any signs that explain what is what. If you are lucky there are excavators here. Most of the time they are students from St. Petersburg and they are very willing to tell you about their work and about the finds. The town has a small museum with soviet memorabilia and stuffed animals, but also very impressive finds from the excavations nearby. Wallpaintings from the 5-th century with faded colors, but recognizable motifs and hunting scenes. You can also do good treks in the surrounding Fan Mountains. Penjikent is usually visited from Samarkand through the Intourist Service Bureau located in the Hotel Samarkand, but it is also possible to arrange the trip by yourself. You might even arrange to come here without an actual Tajik visa, on your Uzbek visa. It seems to depend a bit on the custom guards, but they tend to be quite friendly. They do not see many tourists, so you are a bit of a sight yourself. __________Getting There Edit This The most common way to come here is form Samarkand. It is only 60 km and there are buses to the border, as well as taxi's. Neither of those actually cross the border so you should arrange to be dropped off at the border and find onward transport there. This shouldn't cause too much problems, except maybe when you arrive at the end of the day. |