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| Sudan Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Local market at the bus station.ad. Local market at the bus station.ad. Joost Siebeling www.puddlepuff.com Sudan is a large country in Northern Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Egypt, Kenya and Eritrea. It has very different climatical zones, ranging from dry desserts to fertile mountain slopes and the Nile valley. Interesting places to visit are Khartoum and Port Sudan. _________History Edit This Throughout its history Sudan has been divided between its Arab heritage identified with northern Sudan and its African heritages to the south. The two groups are divided along linguistic, religious, racial, and economic lines and the cleavage has generated ethnic tensions and clashes. Moreover the geographical isolation of Sudan's southern African peoples has prevented them from participating fully in the country's political economic and social life. Imperial Britain acknowledged the north-south division by establishing separate administrations for the two regions. Independent Sudan further reinforced this cleavage by treating African southerners as a minority group. Another major factor that has affected Sudan's evolution is the country's relationship with Egypt. As early as the eighth millennium B.C. there was contact between Sudan and Egypt. Modern relations between the two countries began in 1820 when an Egyptian army under Ottoman command invaded liverpool, Sudan. In the years following this invasion Egypt expanded its area of control in Sudan down the Red Sea coast and toward East Africa's Great Lakes region. The sixty-four-year period of Egyptian rule which ended in 1885 left a deep mark on Sudan's political and economic systems. The emergence of the Anglo-Egyptian condominium in 1899 reinforced the links between Cairo and Khartoum. After Sudan gained independence in 1956 Egypt continued to exert influence over developments in Sudan. Similarly the period of British control (1899-1955) has had a lasting impact on Sudan. In addition to pacifying and uniting the country Britain sought to modernize Sudan by using technology to facilitate economic development and by establishing democratic institutions to end authoritarian rule. Even in 1991 many of Sudan's political and economic institutions owed their existence to the British. Lastly Sudan's postindependence history has been shaped largely by the southern civil war. This conflict has retarded the country's social and economic development encouraged political instability and led to an endless cycle of weak and ineffective military and civilian governments. The conflict appeared likely to continue to affect Sudan's people and institutions for the rest of the twentieth century. _______Climate Edit This Sudan has a tropical climate. Seasonal variations are most sharply defined in the desert zones, where winter temperatures as low as 4.4 C (about 40 F) are common, particularly after sunset. Summer temperatures often exceed 43.3 C (about 110 F) in the desert zones, and rainfall is negligible. Dust storms, called haboobs, frequently occur. High temperatures also prevail to the south throughout the central plains region, but the humidity is generally low. In the vicinity of Khartoum the average annual temperature is about 26.7 C (about 80 F); and annual rainfall, most of which occurs between mid-June and September, is about 254 mm (about 10 in). Equatorial climatic conditions prevail in southern Sudan. In this region the average annual temperature is about 29.4 C (about 85 F), annual rainfall is more than 1015 mm (more than 40 in), and the humidity is excessive. _________Religion Edit This Somewhat more than half Sudan's population was Muslim in the early 1990s. Most Muslims, perhaps 90 percent, lived in the north, where they constituted 75 percent or more of the population. Data on Christians was less reliable; estimates ranged from 4 to 10 percent of the population. At least one-third of the Sudanese were still attached to the indigenous religions of their forebears. Most Christian Sudanese and adherents of local religious systems lived in southern Sudan. Islam had made inroads into the south, but more through the need to know Arabic than a profound belief in the tenets of the Quran. The SPLM, which in 1991 controlled most of southern Sudan, opposed the imposition of the sharia (Islamic law). _____Getting There Edit This [Add Global transport mode] By air Edit This The national airline is Sudan Airways. Other airlines serving Sudan include Air Djibouti, British Airways, Lufthansa, and Syrian Arab Airlines. Khartoum (KRT) 4 km (2.5 miles) southeast of the city. type: general World66 rating: [rate it] By road Edit This Sudan can be reached by road from Egypt Libya Chad Uganda and the Central African Republic. Entry via Ethiopia is at present not possible. Motorists must apply for permission to drive through Sudan well in advance. Applications must be made to government representatives abroad or in Khartoum listing vehicle and passenger details with documents from a recognised automobile club or guarantee from a bank or business firm. type: general World66 rating: [rate it] _________People Edit This Population: 33 550 552 (July 1998 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 45% (male 7 769 266; female 7 449 510) 15-64 years: 52% (male 8 818 018; female 8 778 485) 65 years and over: 3% (male 410 170; female 325 103) (July 1998 est.) Population growth rate: 2.73% (1998 est.) Birth rate: 39.94 births/1 000 population (1998 est.) Death rate: 10.88 deaths/1 000 population (1998 est.) Net migration rate: -1.73 migrant(s)/1 000 population (1998 est.) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1.26 male(s)/female (1998 est.) Infant mortality rate: 72.64 deaths/1 000 live births (1998 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 55.97 years male: 55 years female: 56.98 years (1998 est.) Total fertility rate: 5.68 children born/woman (1998 est.) Nationality: noun: Sudanese (singular and plural) adjective: Sudanese Ethnic groups: black 52% Arab 39% Beja 6% foreigners 2% other 1% Religions: Sunni Muslim 70% (in north) indigenous beliefs 25% Christian 5% (mostly in south and Khartoum) Languages: Arabic (official) Nubian Ta Bedawie diverse dialects of Nilotic Nilo-Hamitic Sudanic languages English note: program of Arabization in process Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 46.1% male: 57.7% female: 34.6% (1995 est.) :::::::Atbara Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Atbara lies 3hrs north of Khartoum which is where the tarmac ends. It is primerily a travel hub for getting across the Bayuda desert or for following the Nile River. ________Getting There Edit This [Add Global transport mode] anas Edit This From Khartoum : take bus from Shendi bus station /Krt north tawhid , Afrass, damir etc are advisable air conditioned ( day ) bus service 23 SG = 11.5 usd , with meal and soft drink asphalted road , 5 hours( taxi service=2.5 usd to hotel) lemosin ( taxi ) also available , 350- 500 SG =175-250 USD one day trip from Khrt to Atbara. Alneel INN , 3ed class hotel Alasfia flats for rent ( at Atbara market area ) ( advisable) , 200 SG = 100$ \ day with breakfast . type: By Road World66 rating: [rate it] tel: +249122964364 address: atbara email: anssuli@gmail.com :::::::::Dongola Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see i We currently have no information about Dongola. If you do know any general information about Dongola, please [Edit this article]. If you know any hotels in Dongola or restaurants in Dongola, please [Add]. ::::::::Erkawit resort-Eastern Sudan Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Located in the beautiful Red Sea Hills, Erkowit was once a cool retreat for the British. There are, however, few original buildings left; it's just a place to go to get out of the heat for a while. The area is reached by private vehicle. 62 mi/100 km south of Port Sudan. Part or or all of this text stems from the original article at: Sudan Embassy USA :::::::::Erkowit Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Erkowit is simpy one of Khartoum's districts. Nothing specific actually. :::::Jebel marra Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see This western-Sudanese mountain range is dominated by the second-highest mountain in the Sudan, known as Jebel Marra. This is an extinct volcano which rises to a height of 3071 metres. At the base of the mountain range lies the town of Nyala, and this town forms a good starting point for an exploration of the surrounding mountainous countryside. It is a beautiful region of hills, rivers and orchards, and is an interesting spot for walking enthusiasts. There is a waterfall near the village of Quaila and some hot springs near the crater of the volcano itself. ::::::::Juba Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Global Camp Global Camp juba is now the calpital of south sudan. :::::::Kassala Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see kassala kassala Kassala is located in the East of Sudan, some 600 km from Khartoum practically on the border with Eritrea. It used to be one of the touristic highlights of Sudan, and is still quite popular with Sudanese newlyweds who come here to honeymoon. The cool climate and the stunning scenery are the main attractions. The city is split in two by the Gash River.?A wide expanse of dry sand for most of the year, during the rainy season it fills quickly and has caused devastating floods on many occasions. The city of Kassala itself is made up of low houses organized by a rectangular street map. Spread around the whole city of some 150,000 people, are tens of thousands of trees. The market of Kassala is great, selling mangoes, grapefruits and guavas from the fruit orchards all around the city. And the local handicrafts have a most distinct style, and are generally of good quality. Kassala is known for its mix of tribes, among them the Beja (Beni Amir, Haddendawa and Halanga). Beja men are very noticeable around town, wearing waistcoats over their robes with long swords worn over their shoulders. On the outskirts of the city live the Rashaida tribe, mostly inhabiting goatskin tents. They are a nomadic people who breed camels and goats, and are closely related to the Saudi Arabian Bedouin, having migrated from the Arabian Peninsula about 150 years ago. It is the mysteriously-veiled Rashaida women who make a great deal of the silver jewellery sold in the Kassala souq. There are also many Hausa and Felati (Fulani), especially in an area called Gharb el-Gash. Originating from West Africa, the story goes that they made the pilgrimage to Mecca, running out of money on their way home and settling in Kassala. Overshadowing the city are the famous 'sugar-loaf' mountains of Aweitila, Totil and Taka (after which the city's football team is named). At the foot of the mountains is the well of Totil, and as the locals claim, if you drink from it, you will return to Kassala one day. The surrounding cafes on the lower slopes of Jebel Totil are very popular at sunset, and famous for serving the best coffee in Sudan. The village below, Khatmiya, is the oldest part of Kassala, containing the mosque and tomb of Sayid Hassan and many old-style houses. Kassala is a pretty easygoing place, and for Sudanese standards it has excellent tourist facilities. However, visiting Kassala can sometimes be difficult due to the nearby conflict along the border with Eritrea. A special permit from the Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs in khartoum is needed, otherwise travellers will be turned away at the entrance to the city. :::::::::Khartoum Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see museum museum kelvin kim Khartoum is the capital of Sudan and a port at the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile rivers. Founded in 1821 as an Egyptian army camp, Khartoum developed as a trade center and slave market. The name Khartoum means 'Elephant's trunk'. The most interesting part for the visitor is the colonial downtown. Khartoum is one of the most exciting cities in the World so there is plenty to look at. Sudan's second largest city and its administrative center. Food, beverages, cotton, gum, and oilseeds are processed in the city. Manufactures include cotton textiles, knitwear, glass, and tiles. Construction of an oil pipeline between Khartoum and Port Sudan was completed in 1977. Khartoum is a railroad hub and is connected by road to the heart of the adjacent cotton-growing region. The city also has an international airport. ________Museums Edit This [Add Museum] Ethnographical Museum Edit This This is a small museum which contains an interesting collection of items relating to Sudanese village life. These include musical instruments, clothing, cooking and hunting implements. In Nov. 2005, admission was free, but there is a lot of problems with the electricity. Bring a torch just in case. type: general World66 rating: [rate it] National Museum Edit This museum museum photo by: kelvin kim The museum exhibits antiquities and artefacts from several periods of Sudanese history and pre-history, including glassware, pottery, statuary and figurines from the ancient kingdom of Cush. In Nov. 2005, Museum was closed for renovations. type: general World66 rating: [rate it] :::::::::Meroe Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see photo Meroe is locatd near mountains filled with iron ore. ::::::::Nuba mountains Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see :::::Omdurman Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Omdurman is the old city. It has a market that is well worth a visit. In 1998 spices were still piled in conical heaps but nowadays they are in polythene bags, though the market is no less colourful. You can buy the traditional incense, called al-bukhoor there, which even in its most ordinary form contains things like gum arabic, the local red seeds called 'eye of the bride', crystals that melt when the mixture is burnt. You can also buy the traditional black, red and yellow containers it is burnt in. Bukhoor acts as an insect repellent as well as scenting the air. The market has clothes, traditional Sudanese coffee pots, henna, jewellery, household goods, food, beautiful wooden carvings and all manner of other interesting things. The tomb of the Mahdi is also in Omdurman. It isn't impressive architecturally, but the monument represents an important part of modern Sudanese history: the Mahdi led the Sudanese revolution in 1881. The best way to get there is by taxi. ::::::::::Port Sudan Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Port Sudan beach Port Sudan beach Sharif Baasher Port Sudan still is the seaport that takes care of most of Sudan's foreign trade. The British founded the seaport in 1906 and although it has lost most of its spirit due to the war, it is still possible to catch a glimpse of the glorious past. In the old days, Port Sudan was also a popular port for passenger traffic. Nowadays, one can only spot sailers from various countries setting off with ships filled with cotton and gum arabic. Port Sudan is a good base from which to embark on a diving trip. The harbour is in the mouth of a gulf continuing seaward through a coral-free channel 60–85 feet (18–26 m) deep. Imports include machinery, vehicles, fuel oil, and building materials. Cotton, gum arabic, oilseeds, hides and skins, and senna are the chief exports. An oil pipeline about 528 miles (850 km) in length, between the port and Khartoum city, was completed in 1977. Port Sudan has a near-desert climate, necessitating the acquisition of fresh water from Wadi Arba'at in the Red Sea Hills and from salt-evaporating pans. The population, mainly Arab or Nubian Sudanese, includes the indigenous Beja, West Africans, and small minorities of Asians and Europeans. :::::::Shendi Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Tempel of Musawwarat Tempel of Musawwarat C Roner 150 km north of Khartoum Shendi is a good base for seeing a bit of desert as well as temples of the Meroe culture. The town itself is far from exciting and good food and accommodation are pretty rare in these parts. The temple of Musawwarat, which is actually a reconstruction, is close to town. At a distance of about one and a half hours, the temple of Naqa is offers some impressive structures left. A round trip to both is about 120 km but it will take up at least a whole day. :::::::::Showak Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Showak is a small town made of huts in Sudan. :::::Wadi halfa Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see x Northest town of Sudan, that was partly submerged by Lake Nasser: an important archaeological site . It is the terminus of a railroad from Khartoum and is the point at which cotton, wheat, livestock, and other goods are transferred to steamers going down the Nile into Egypt. Archaeological expeditions have worked to excavate and preserve the area's numerous Egyptian antiquities, which faced flooding from the reservoir of the Aswan High Dam. 21°47.57N, 31°22.28E |
| Questo articolo è rilasciato sotto i termini della
GNU Free Documentation License Esso utilizza materiale tratto da http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan Cronologia/Autori: http://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sudan&action=history SudanDa Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.
La Repubblica del Sudan (جمهورية السودان الديموقراطية) è uno stato
del
Nordafrica.
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StoriaQuesta regione nell’antichità era conosciuta anche come "regno della
Nubia", e la sua civiltà fiorì essenzialmente lungo il corso del Nilo, tra la
prima e la sesta cataratta. I regni che si susseguirono furono grandemente
influenzati dal vicino Egitto faraonico, ed a loro volta vi fecero sentire il
loro influsso. In realtà, infatti, i confini tra gli antichi regni egiziani e
sudanesi fluttuarono frequentemente, e una buona parte di quello che ora è il
Sudan del Nord era, in antichità, indistinguibile dall’alto Egitto. Il
cristianesimo fu introdotto nel Sudan nel terzo o nel quarto secolo, ma già
intorno al 640 fece la sua comparsa l’Islam. Il dominio economico nel Sudan
feudale di quei secoli fu presto assunto da una classe di mercanti arabi. I
più importanti tra i regni che si susseguirono nel seguenti 1200 anni furono
il regno di Sennar e Makuria. A partire dal 1820 il Sudan venne a cadere sotto
il controllo dell’Egitto, quando Muhammad Alì, Kedivè d’Egitto, inviò un
esercito agli ordini di suo figlio Ismail Basha e di Muhammad Bey per occupare
il Sudan orientale. Il leader religioso Muhammad ibn Abballa, l’autoproclamato
Mahdi (il messia), tentò negli anni ’80 del XIX secolo di unificare le tribù
del Sudan centrale e di quello occidentale. Guidò una rivolta nazionalista
contro il dominio egiziano, che culminò con la presa di Khartoum nel 1885, nel
corso della quale trovò la morte anche Gordon, il famoso generale britannico.
Lo stato mahdista sopravvisse fin quando non fu definitivamente sopraffatto
nel 1898 dalle forze anglo-egiziane guidata la Lord Kitchener. Gli inglesi
divisero il Sudan in due distinte colonie, il Sud ed il Nord, situazione che
permase invariata fino al 1956. Fin dall'indipendenza dal
Regno
Unito ottenuta nel
1956 la politica
interna è stata dominata da regimi militari che hanno favorito governi a
orientamento
islamico. I conflitti interni e la guerra civile, che hanno dominato la
scena interna dal
1955 al 1972
e che hanno origine antecedente all'indipendenza, nacquero dal contrasto fra
le forze governative settentrionali e le foze
Anya Nya che rivendicavano l'autonomia della parte meridionale del paese. Nel 1989 un colpo di stato portò al potere un regime militare guidato dal
generale
Omar Hassan Ahmed al-Beshir e dominato dal Fronte nazionale islamico
(NIF). In seguito al colpo di stato il conflitto contro lo SPLM/A si
intensificò. Una delle principali cause del conflitto è la presenza di ingenti risorse petrolifere nella parte meridionale del paese. Rimane l'area di conflitto del Darfur. In questa zona i conflitti hanno origini remote e risalgono agli scontri fra le popolazioni nomadi arabe e le popolazioni stanziali africane per le risorse vitali come terra e acqua. Nel febbraio del 2003 il conflitto crebbe dopo che le milizie del SPLM/A (Sudanese Liberation Movement/Army) e quelle del JEM (Justice and Equality Movement) attaccarono alcuni insediamenti governativi. Nell'aprile del 2004 Kofi Annan ricordò che il rappresentante delle Nazioni Unite locale utilizzò, per descrivere la violenza del conflitto, la definizione "pulizia etnica". Il 23 dicembre 2005 il Sudan riceve la dichiarazione dello stato di guerra da parte del confinante Ciad. Secondo le autorità ciadiane, infatti, il governo sudanese sarebbe colpevole di alcune aggressioni avvenute presso villaggi di confine.
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Geografia
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Geografia fisica
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MorfologiaIl territorio è per lo più pianeggiante. Vi sono alcune montagne nell'estremo sud. Il nord è prevalentemente desertico.
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IdrografiaIl paese è attraversato dal Nilo e da alcuni suoi affluenti.
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ClimaTropicale nel sud del paese, arido desertico nel nord, la stagione delle
piogge varia (da aprile a novembre).
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Geografia umanaI Sudanesi con la pelle di colore scuro sono assai vari e appartengono a diverse tribù del gruppo nilotico. A partire dal Medioevo con il sopravvento arabo, sopra a queste popolazioni autoctone si è imposta una specie di classe signorile, formata da popolazioni camitiche e semitiche con pelle di tinta più chiara e tipo somatico più simile all'europeo. Esistono anche delle tribù di pelle scura e di origine non nilotica che sono gli Asandè, soprannominati Niam-Niam. Le principali tribù di origine nilotica sono:
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PopolazioneFasce di età:
Mortalità infantile:
Tasso di crescita della popolazione: 2.64%
(Tutti i dati si riferiscono a stime del 2004.)
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LinguaLe lingue più diffuse sono:
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ReligioneLa religione più diffusa è quella
musulmana
sunnita che
(70% della popolazione), vi sono minoranze di fede tradizionale
indigena,
animismo e
cristiane.
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Geografia politicaIl Sudan è diviso in 26 stati (wilayat, al singolare wilayah)
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Geografia economica
(Ove non specificato diversamente i dati si riferiscono a stime del 2004.)
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Risorse
Petrolio:
produzione di 209.100 barili/giorno, con riserve stimate di circa 631.5
milioni di barili. La produzione agricola è incentrata su cotone, arachidi, sorgo, miglio, gomma arabica, canna da zucchero, tapioca, mango, papaya, banane, patate dolci e sesamo. Il settori industriali più sviluppati sono il tessile, la produzione di olii alimentari, cemento, zucchero, sapone, la raffinazione del petrolio e la produzione di armi.
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EsportazioniLe esportazioni ammontano a circa 2.45 miliardi di dollari USA (f.o.b.) e
si riferiscono a petrolio e prodotti petroliferi, cotone, sesamo, arachidi,
gomma arabica, zucchero e bestiame.
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ImportazioniIl valore delle importazioni è pari a 2.383 milioni di dollari USA (f.o.b.) e si riferisce ai seguenti prodotti: prodotti alimentari, manufatti, atrezzature meccaniche per la raffinazione e il trasporto, medicinali e sostanze chimiche, tessili e grano. I paese importatori sono Arabia Saudita 16.3%, Cina 14.2%, Regno Unito 5%, Germania 4.9%, India 4.8%, Francia 4.1%. (Ove non specificato diversamente i dati si riferiscono a stime del 2003.)
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Cultura
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AlfabetizzazioneTasso di alfabetizzzione: 61.1%
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Collegamenti esterni
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