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| Roma Italia. La Ciudad de las Siete
Colinas. Nuestro guia turistico de Roma lo explica todo... Roma es la capital de Italia y una de las ciudades más importantes del mundo desde un punto de vista cultural. Roma es, la ciudad del Tiber, del Teatro, del Circo, es la ciudad que durante siglos fue la capital de Europa, una condición que hoy en día es aún visible en sus edificios más emblemáticos. Roma es una ciudad imperial, que fue inmensa y que sigue siendo grande, es la ciudad de las siete Colinas, que un día fue capital del Imperio Romano, y hoy en día es la capital del país, de Italia. Se ubica en la región del Lacio o Lazio, y el Río Tiber, y cuna de la civilización occidental. Roma es a día de hoy el destino turístico de millones de viajeros que no quieren dejar pasar la ocasión de visitar esta ciudad, sus templos, sus monumentos, sus ruinas romanas, entre las que destacan el gran circo, las catacumbas, o la Plaza de San pedro, donde se ubica el estado Independiente de El Vaticano. Roma es una ciudad acogedora, que cuenta con un importante número de posibilidades de alojamiento, desde hoteles a apartamentos, casas en zonas alejadas del centro, apartamentos en el centro, hostales, etc… todo lo necesario para asegurar su alojamiento en esta ciudad |
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| _____________Origen de Roma El origen del nombre de la ciudad, según la leyenda, proviene de los gemelos Rómulo y Remo, quieres fueron abandonados al nacer y amamantados por una loba. Dice la leyenda que cuando crecieron, Rómulo mató a su hermano, y fundó esta ciudad. Pero otras teorías más creíbles hablan de que Roma proviene de Río, era la época de la Antigua Roma y lo primero que se quedó claro fue el nombre, el de Roma. Roma es la ciudad de las siete colinas, un destino ideal para disfrutar de nuestras vacaciones, y disfrutar del sol, de sus monumentos, de sus agradables temperaturas, un lugar donde no tendremos problemas para alojarnos en sus numerosos hoteles de todo tipo, o apartamentos con vistas al Coliseo romano o a el Vaticano. |
| ___________Cosas que hacer en Roma durante sus vacaciones en la ciudad de
las siete colinas Roma es una de esas ciudades donde si enumeramos todas las cosas que se pueden hacer y las cosas que se pueden ver no habría espacio para ponerlas todas. Pasar sus vacaciones en Roma es encontrarse con una lista interminable de cosas que ver y de cosas que hacer, fundamentalmente culturales, con visitas a monumentos. Hablar de cosas que hacer en Roma nos lleva, en primer término, a hablar de monumentos, ninguna visita a Roma es una visita si no recorre lugares como la Plaza de San Pedro, y visita la Santa Sede, el Vaticano, un pequeño estado dentro de Roma, en el corazón de la ciudad donde encontramos la Basílica y la Capilla Sixtina, una de las obras cumbre del Renacimiento y de todos los tiempos. Pero para monumento emblemático en Roma tenemos otro, el gran coliseo romano, testigo de numerosas batallas y luchas entre gladiadores hace casi 2000 años. Pero Roma no es sólo el Vaticano y el Coliseo, las Termas, las vistas desde algunas de las siete colinas, el Foro Romano, la Columna del Emperador Trajano, el Museo Nacional Etrusco o la Basílica de San Pablo son algunos de los monumentos que podemos visitar durante nuestras vacaciones en Roma, también hay otros no menos importantes, pero que son menos visitados, pero también totalmente recomendables. Si dejamos a un lado el arte y la cultura, que es más del 60% de cosas que podemos hacer en Roma, nos podemos dedicar a visitar lugares, como la Piazza Navona, o la Piazza Della Spagna, dos de los enclaves más importantes de la ciudad, donde además podremos salir a cenar a un restaurante, y posteriormente disfrutar de la vida nocturna. Durante el día, también podremos ir de compras. Si está varios días en Roma, y está cansado de la ciudad y quiere romper la monotonía, puede disfrutar de una visita a Tivoli, localidad cercana, o a los lagos de Bracciano y Martignano, dos de los enclaves naturales más importantes que puede encontrar en Roma y en su entorno. Son muchas más las cosas que ver y las cosas que disfrutar durante sus vacaciones en Roma, no diga que no tiene nada que hacer en esta ciudad y no lo piense más, reserve su alojamiento aquí y planifique ya sus vacaciones en Roma!!!. Las termas de Caracalla, las catacumbas, la fuente de las Tortugas, Piazza Spagna o Piazza Navona, la ciudad del Vaticano y sus monumentos, la Plaza de San Pedro, el Foro romano, el Coliseo... son cientos las cosas que ver o hacer en Roma, cosas como ir de compras o salir a disfrutar de la vida nocturna y por supuesto, visitar sus monumentos. _____________Pasear por la Plaza de España en Roma Italia La Plaza de España, en Roma, es una plaza que cuenta con mayor renombre de la ciudad, es una de las plazas más destacadas que podemos encontrar en la ciudad de Roma, así como la más conocida. Piazza di Spagna es el lugar donde encontramos la embajada española. En esta plaza encontrará numerosas posibilidades de disfrutar del arte y de la historia romana, lugares y posibilidades como la escalinata que mandó construir Benedicto XIII en el XVIII, La Fontana Della Barcaccia, una fuente realizada durante el barroco por Pietro Bernini, la columna de la Inmaculada Concepción, … La Plaza de España es uno de esos lugares que no puede evitar visitar durante sus vacaciones en Roma. ____________Recorrer el Coliseo Romano Roma Italia El Coliseo Romano es la obra cumbre del Imperio en la ciudad de Roma, una obra realizada alrededor del año 75 a.C, y que se desarrolló durante apenas 10 años hasta quedar terminado y ser uno de los Coliseos más grandes del mundo y el más grande del Imperio romano. El Coliseo se ubica en el centro de Roma, contaba con una capacidad para 50,000 espectadores y en el se puede sentir el retumbar y las grandes batallas 2000 años después. El Coliseo era un lugar en el que se peleaba a muerte, en el que gladiadores, fieras, esclavos, soldados luchaban en la arena hasta morir. Estas peleas conseguían enfervorizar a las masas, algo que tuvo lugar durante más de 500 años. El Coliseo se ha convertido hoy día en un símbolo y recuerdo de la Roma Imperial, de la época de mayor esplendor del imperio. Actualmente no hay visita a Roma que no pase por el Coliseo, y máxime cuando la UNESCO, en 1980, declaró todo el centro de Roma como Patrimonio de la Humanidad. También ha sido designado como una de las Siete Maravillas del Mundo. ________________Visitar el Foro Romano. Uno de los monumentos más impresionantes de Roma El Foro Romano era el lugar donde se desarrollaba la vida cotidiana y diaria en roma, era el lugar de comercio, de reuniones y debates, era un lugar donde la gente paseaba, hacía negocios, se veneraba a los dioses… hoy es una de esas maravillas que esconde Roma y que no podemos olvidar visitar. Hoy en día, si recorremos el Foro de Roma podemos entender muchas cosas de cómo era la vida en el antiguo imperio romano, podemos descubrir como vivían, en el encontraremos varios templos, como el que se erigió en honor a Rómulo, fundador de la ciudad, el de Venus, ewl de Sptimio Seveo o el Arco de Tito entre otros. El Foro durante siglos quedó enterrado bajo escombros, bajo ruinas, pero desde el Siglo XVI se iniciaron las excavaciones arqueológicas y hoy en día, la práctica totalidad de lo que un día fue el Foro Romano se encuentra visible al espectador, al curioso, al amante del arte y de la roma clásica. ___________Visitar la Capilla Sixtina Vaticano Roma Italia La Capilla Sixtina es el tesoro mejor guardado y que más vale la pena visitar de todos los tesoros culturales de Roma. Junto con el Coliseo, es sin lugar a dudas uno de esos lugares que todos queremos visitar, y donde se dirigen la mayor parte de los turistas que elijen Roma como destino de vacaciones. La Capilla Sixtina fue construida durante el papado de Sexto IV, y el gran Miguel Ángel fue el encargado de decorarla y de pintarla. Boticcelli y Signorelli, entre otros, también formaron parte del equipo de artistas que dejó esta obra monumental, en la que se representa el juicio final. En ella se pueden ver, por episodios, la historia de Moisés, la ceremonia, el paso del mar rojo, la llamada de los apóstoles, la Cena y el cristo entregando la llave a los apóstoles entre otros episodios de la Biblia. _________Visitar la Ciudad del Vaticano Roma Italia La ciudad del Vaticano es un estado independiente que es sede de la Iglesia de San Pedro, donde se ubica la Santa Sede. Está en la Plaza de San Pedro, en el centro de Roma, y es un estado independiente, residencia de papas. Estamos ante uno de los lugares de visita obligada durante sus vacaciones en Roma, un estado independiente, con el latín como lengua oficial, y cuya máxima autoridad es el Papa. Su extensión es de medio kilómetro cuadrado, y su población no llega a los 1000 habitantes. El Estado del Vaticano es donde está la Santa Sede, la capital de la Iglesia Católica en el mundo, un lugar cuya historia comenzó en el Siglo VIII y que hoy en día se ha convertido en uno de los destinos turísticos más importantes de Roma. Los lugares más destacados para visitar en el Vaticano son la Basílica de San Pedro, la Plaza de San Pedro, la Capilla Sixtina y los distintos museos que podemos encontrar dentro de este pequeño estado, como el de Arte Etrusco, o el Museo de Arte Egipcio. __________Visite las Termas de Caracalla Roma Italia Las Termas de Caracalla en la Roma del imperio no eran sino un complejo termal, de baños, donde los emperadores y la gente influyente de Roma se relajaba. Pese al expolio que han ido sufriendo a lo largo de los siglos, estas termas aún hoy día guardan un importante legado. Estas termas se construyeron alrededor del 215 después de Cristo, cuando el Imperio estaba bajo el mando de Caracalla. Desde sus orígenes se han denominado Termas Antoninas, después Termas de Caracalla. Son enormes bañeras de mármol, que en su día constituyeron los baños más grandes del Imperio, los baños de los césares. Eran baños de agua caliente, calentada por un complejo sistema de horno interior. _________Información de Interés Roma Italia Son muchas las dudas que nos asaltarán antes de plantearnos nuestro viaje a Italia, dudas que tendremos durante nuestras vacaciones en Italia, dudas que podremos resolver en esta sección. Es importante conocer como llegar a nuestro destino, conociendo que Roma cuenta con un aeropuerto Internacional de primerísimo nivel, así como importante es saber algunos datos de interés, como la moneda a usar, el idioma más común, y por supuesto, el clima que hace en Roma durante todo el año y cual es la mejor época para visitar la ciudad. Es variada y diversa la información que le ofrecemos aquí, desde como llegar a través del Aeropuerto de Fiumicino, o bien a través de carretera o de tren, a como moverse por la ciudad más monumental del mundo, a otros datos como la lengua, la moneda, etc.. ___________Como moverse por Roma Italia Roma es una ciudad algo caótica para conducir, por lo que le desaconsejamos la opción de alquilar un coche para moverse por la ciudad. La opción de alquiler de coche en Roma es buena para recorrer el país, la ciudad la puede visitar desplazándose en transporte público sin problemas. Roma es una ciudad algo caótica para conducir, por lo que le desaconsejamos la opción de alquilar un coche para moverse por la ciudad. La opción de alquiler de coche en Roma es buena para recorrer el país, la ciudad la puede visitar desplazándose en transporte público sin problemas. En Roma podrá disfrutar del autobús urbano, con paradas en todas las plazas y calles importantes. También la red de autobuses que le conecta con otras localidades cercanas es muy amplia. El metro también es una excelente opción de moverse por Roma, si bien los grandes restos arqueológicos de la ciudad han impedido un desarrollo de este medio de transporte como en otras ciudades europeas. El taxi también es una opción para moverse por la ciudad de las siete colinas. En Roma podrá disfrutar del autobús urbano, con paradas en todas las plazas y calles importantes. También la red de autobuses que le conecta con otras localidades cercanas es muy amplia. El metro también es una excelente opción de moverse por Roma, si bien los grandes restos arqueológicos de la ciudad han impedido un desarrollo de este medio de transporte como en otras ciudades europeas. El taxi también es una opción para moverse por la ciudad de las siete colinas. ____________Historia Roma Italia Roma, según las informaciones encontradas, fue fundada en el año 753 antes de Cristo. Desde el principio se mostró como una ciudad beligerante, primero con sus vecinos del norte y sur de Italia, con el objetivo de conseguir mujeres, después evolucionó creciendo hasta el siglo III d.C, época de esplendor del imperio romano. Desde entonces hasta nuestros días, estamos ante un pueblo que ha vivido innumerables episodios de la historia, una ciudad rica en acontecimientos, hasta convertirse, hoy día, además de la ciudad de las siete colinas, en toda una referencia turística mundial. Ya en sus orígenes los romanos demostraron que la fuerza no era lo único necesario para grandes logros, en el Siglo VIII a.C invitaron a todos sus vecinos a unos juegos y raptaron a sus mujeres. De esta época surgió el primer tratado, el de las Mujeres, que hicieron que sabinos y romanos se unieran. Tras la desaparición de Rómulo, fundador de Roma, Numa Pompilio toma el mando, era sabino, y Roma pone sus ojos en el resto de la península itálica, con pueblos como los latinos, los etruscos, los umbros, marsos… todos ellos fueron uniéndose a Roma, la lengua latina, común entre ellos, les beneficiaba. Roma, o el Pueblo sobre el Río, había nacido, y comenzó su expansión, desde el Siglo VIII a.C hasta el Siglo III a.C el Imperio había visto como sus dominios se habían extendido primero por la Itálica, después por la región de los bretones, el centro de Europa y la Península Ibérica. La leyenda de la loba Luperca, de Rómulo y de Remo había cuajado entre los romanos y se veía como un símbolo de fuerza. Alrededor de las siete colinas se gestó el avance de esta ciudad, los montes Capitolio, Quirinal, Aventino, Palatino, Viminal, Celio y Esquilino, las siete colinas romanas. Julio César derrotó en el Siglo V a su oponente, Pompeyo, y fue el primer gran emperador romano, Cleopatra le despistó de su objetivo imperialista y se fue a Egipto el gran emperador romano, mientras su imperio crecía. En estos últimos siglos antes de Cristo, Roma ve como se construye el gran coliseo romano, donde le pueblo se divertía con sangrientas peleas entre gladiadores y esclavos, o entre esclavos y fieras, el esplendor de roma continuaba, y no fue hasta pasados III siglos de nuestra era cuando comenzó su decadencia. En el Siglo IV Alarico saqueó la ciudad, la Roma Cristiana había pasado a ser pontificia, y fue entonces cuando se comienzan a construir basílicas. En el Siglo X una nueva invasión, esta vez de los normandos, vuelve a dejar la ciudad tocada. A lo largo de la historia de los siglos XII y XIII la ciudad vuelve a tener algunas mejoras, mejoras con la construcción de palacios públicos y de nuevos edificios religiosos. Con Julio II se amplió el Vaticano y se construye la Capilla Sixtina. Era el Siglo XIV y un joven Miguel Ángel es el encargado de tal obra en el vaticano. Tras el renacimiento, en el Siglo XIX se produce la unificación del Reino Italiano bajo el mando de Victor Manuel II. En el Siglo XX, tras la primera guerra mundial, la ciudad y todo el país cae en manos del fascismo, de Benito Mussolinni que en una alianza con Hitler lleva al país a la destrucción en la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Desde entonces a nuestros días Roma ha crecido como ciudad, conservando su legado histórico que no es poco, y siendo, a día de hoy, una de las ciudades más importantes desde el punto de vista turístico cultural del mundo, es una ciudad que cuenta con numerosas posibilidades de alojamiento, con hoteles, hostales, apartamentos en Roma para alquilar durante sus vacaciones, ya sea en el centro o en las afueras, así como casas y chalets disponibles. ____________Monumentos Roma Italia Roma es una ciudad que cuenta con numerosos monumentos, sobretodo de la época del Imperio Romano, la época de los Césares. El más emblemático e importante de todos ellos no es otro que el coliseo, el más grande de los anfiteatros que se construyeron en la época del Imperio. El Coliseo fue construido en los primeros años de nuestra era, en él los gladiadores se batían ante la mirada de 50,000 romanos que disfrutaban con esta matanza. El Foro Romano, donde se debatían las cuestiones importantes era otro de los lugares importantes, además del Panteón, la Columna de Trajano, las Catacumbas o las Termas, todos ellos monumentos cuyas ruinas se pueden visitar hoy día. De la época del Renacimiento y del Barroco tenemos otros edificios y plazas, como la Plaza Navona o la Plaza del Campidoglio, del artista Fiorentino Miguel Ángel, uno de los artistas más importantes de la historia de Italia. El casco antiguo de Roma es otro monumento en si mismo, desde 1980 es Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO. El Vaticano, en la Plaza de San Pedro, es otro de los monumentos ilustres de Roma. La Basílica de Santa María la Mayor, el Palacio Pio, la Basílica de San Pablo y la Plaza de España son otros de los lugares que no puede perderse en Roma. La Cúpula del Vaticano y la Capilla Sixtina, así como la Basílica de San Pedro en el Vaticano son los monumentos más destacados de este pequeño país dentro de Roma. En la ciudad, el Coliseo, el Foro Romano o la Columna de Trajano son algunas de las maravillas que no nos podemos perder en esta ciudad con tanta historia. |
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Hotel in Rome from a low Price to High,please see the Stars from one Star to
five _______________ www.papido.it :::::::::::::Ristoranti Roma Acquanegra Ristorante Italiano Largo Teatro Valle, 9 - Roma Scheda del Locale Cafè Corrientes Argentino Via Enrico Cravero, 22/24 - Roma Scheda del Locale Co2 Ristorante Italiano Largo Teatro Valle, 4 - Roma Scheda del Locale Crudo Ristorante Italiano Via degli Specchi, 6 - Roma Scheda del Locale La Pampa Ristorante Italiano Via Collatina Vecchia, 127 - Roma Scheda del Locale Le Sorelle Ristorante Italiano Via Gallia, 190 - Roma Scheda del Locale Naboo Ristorante Italiano Via P.Cossa, 51/b - Roma Scheda del Locale Nazca American Lounge Via del Gazometro, 40/42 - Roma |
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Scheda del Locale Zen Sushi Restaurant Giapponese Via degli Scipioni, 243 - Roma Scheda del Locale ___________Thanks to www.travelpuppy.com Guida Di Corsa De Roma
________________TEATRO IN PORTICO
__________Noleggio Scooter _______________Galleria Doria Pamphili Capodanno a Roma L A S T M I N U T E |
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five Questo articolo è rilasciato sotto i termini della
GNU Free Documentation License RomaDa Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.
Il Colosseo, uno dei simboli della città Roma, è la città capitale della Repubblica Italiana (2.547.677 abitanti al 31 dicembre 2005), il capoluogo della Regione Lazio e della provincia di Roma. È il comune più popoloso d’Italia, mentre la sua area metropolitana, con circa 3.300.000 abitanti, è la seconda d’Italia dopo quella di Milano. È, grazie alla sua storia millenaria, una città unica ed una delle più visitate al mondo. Nel 1980 il centro storico, le proprietà extraterritoriali della Santa Sede nella città e la Basilica di San Paolo fuori le mura sono state dichiarate patrimonio dell'umanità dall'UNESCO; nel 1990 sono stati inclusi i beni compresi entro le mura di Urbano VIII.
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GeografiaConosciuta universalmente come l'Urbe o la Città eterna, Roma sorge sulle rive del fiume Tevere ed il suo nucleo storico si sviluppò sulle colline in corrispondenza dell'ansa in cui si trova l'isola Tiberina, unico guado naturale del fiume. Sono i celebri sette colli: Palatino, Aventino, Campidoglio, Quirinale, Viminale, Esquilino e Celio. Sia a destra che a sinistra del fiume si trovano rilievi di modesta entità, che rappresentano i resti dell'antico apparato vulcanico complessivamente denominato Vulcano Laziale, come i monti Tiburtini e i monti Prenestini, mentre i più vicini sono i Castelli romani tra i quali svetta il Monte Cavo. La valle del Tevere è in genere larga circa 3 km, ma, in prossimità
dell'isola Tiberina, si restringe a meno di 1 km. Roma è attraversata anche da un altro fiume, l'Aniene, che confluisce nel Tevere in territorio urbano.
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TerritorioIl comune comprende molte borgate e frazioni, tra cui Ostia, cresciute nella prima metà del '900 in seguito alle demolizioni attuate dal Fascismo nei rioni storici, e nel dopoguerra in seguito a massicce immigrazioni a Roma, principalmente provenienti dalle zone e regioni confinanti, ma non solo. La superficie del Comune è vastissima, avendo inglobato vaste zone abbandonate da secoli, spesso paludose e inadatte all'agricoltura, e non appartenute ad alcun municipio. Il Comune di Roma governa, attraverso 19 Municipi, un'area che per dimensione è paragonabile alla provincia di Milano o a quella di Napoli; ma l'intero agglomerato urbano della città (comune e area metropolitana) è terzo in Italia per superficie e popolazione (dopo le aree metropolitane di Milano e Napoli).
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Storia
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Popolazione e lingua
La popolazione ha sempre parlato il romanesco che però, come la maggior parte dei dialetti italiani, non ha alcuna ufficialità. Il romanesco, come tutte le lingue, si è evoluto negli anni, tanto che, per esempio, il Belli (prima metà del 1800) usa delle forme linguistiche che non vengono utilizzate da Trilussa (inizio '900). Questa evoluzione non ha alterato profondamente il dialetto almeno fino agli anni cinquanta, a partire dai quali Roma fu meta di ingenti migrazioni dalle altre regioni italiane. Il dialetto subì allora contaminazioni soprattutto dall'italiano formando la parlata che spesso si sente : il cosiddetto "romano moderno". Oramai il dialetto romanesco come era quello del Belli è praticamente scomparso, poiché ha perso molte delle sue parole e modi di dire a favore dell'italiano, ma su di esso si è sviluppato un tipo di dialetto che, se è utilizzato correttamente in tutte le sue caratteristiche piú tipiche, è una parlata allegra e vivace di cui i romani vanno molto fieri. La forte immigrazione degli anni Cinquanta, oltre a riflettersi sul linguaggio, ha cambiato le componenti della popolazione: al "romano de Roma", di origine romana, si sono affiancati i nuovi arrivati. Capita così che spesso nelle famiglie oggi più che il romano si parli l'italiano o, al più la lingua nazionale con leggere influenze dialettali.
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Amministrazione, suddivisioni, rioni e quartieri
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Frazioni
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Suddivisioni
Per scopi amministrativi e per aumentare la decentralizzazione, il grande territorio del comune di Roma è stato ufficialmente diviso in 19 Municipi. Ogni Municipio riunisce parti di diversi quartieri. I rioni invece sono le ripartizioni in cui è suddiviso il centro storico. L'istituzione dei rioni risale all'Antica Roma, e il loro numero è cresciuto con la crescita della città. Tutti tranne uno (Prati) si trovano all'interno delle Mura aureliane. Il comune di Roma utilizza sia la divisione in quartieri che in zone.
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I rioniPiazza del Campidoglio (Campitelli) Santa Maria Maggiore (Esquilino) Palazzo di Giustizia (Prati) Via della Conciliazione (Borgo) Piazza del Popolo (Campo Marzio) Vittoriano (Trevi) Fontana di Nettuno (Parione) Piazza della Repubblica (Castro Pretorio) Roma vista dal Giardino degli Aranci (Ripa)
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I quartieriDopo l'istituzione dell'ultimo Rione, Prati, per i successivi allargamenti dell'area urbanizzata si iniziò ad usare il termine di "quartiere". Attualmente a Roma esistono 35 quartieri.
Esistono ulteriori suddivisioni ufficiali ed inoltre moltissimi altri toponimi di uso corrente.
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Città gemellateIn ordine alfabetico:
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Trasporti e mobilità urbanaVigile urbano in Piazza Venezia Il miliarium
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Trasporto su stradaLa città è al centro di una struttura radiale di vie di comunicazione che ricalcano le direttrici delle antiche vie consolari, che partendo dal Campidoglio congiungevano Roma antica a tutti gli angoli dell'Impero. Il punto di partenza delle strade che partono da Roma - il km 0 fisico - rimane il miliarium, la colonna un tempo dorata e posta nel Foro, ora di marmo e posta in cima alla Cordonata. Lo spazio urbano, un tempo delimitato dalle mura, è oggi definito dall'anello esterno di raccordo tra le vie di penetrazione, il Grande Raccordo Anulare.
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Trasporto su ferroEssendo posta al centro della penisola, Roma è anche il principale nodo ferroviario dell'Italia centrale. Le direttrici di traffico sono 4 e ricalcano - almeno nella parte iniziale del percorso - il tracciato delle principali consolari: quella tirrenica (Roma-Genova, lungo la via Aurelia), quella verso nord (Roma-Firenze-Bologna, lungo la via Salaria), quella adriatica (Roma-Pescara, lungo la via Tiburtina) e quella meridionale (Roma-Napoli, lungo la via Appia). Le principali stazioni sono Roma Termini (che è la stazione ferroviaria più grande e trafficata d'Europa con più di 600'000 transiti giornalieri, con al suo interno un centro commerciale, chiamato "Forum Termini", di oltre cento negozi), Roma Tiburtina (dove è previsto l'arrivo della nuova linea ad Alta Velocità/Alta Capacità), Roma Ostiense, Roma Trastevere, Roma Tuscolana, Roma S. Pietro.
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Trasporto aereoLa città è servita attualmente da tre aeroporti:
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Trasporti pubblici urbaniLinee della A e B metropolitana di Roma Roma è attualmente dotata di due linee di metropolitana, aperte nel 1955 (Linea B) e nel 1980 (Linea A), che servono gli assi di traffico est-ovest (linea A) e nord-sud (linea B). Altre linee sono in costruzione (linea B1 e linea C) e in progettazione (linea D). La lunghezza totale attuale è di 38 km. Le due linee si intersecano solo in un punto, alla stazione di Roma Termini. Il sistema dei trasporti pubblici urbani integra anche una ventina di stazioni urbane della rete ferroviaria. Le più utilizzate sono Roma Tiburtina, Roma Tuscolana, Roma Trastevere, Roma San Pietro, Roma Nomentana, Roma Nuovo Salario, Roma Magliana, Roma Muratella, Roma Aurelia. Nelle stazioni interne fermano sia i treni a media percorrenza (lunga nelle stazioni Termini, Ostiense e Tiburtina) che i treni metropolitani (detti "trenini effeemme"), che sono parte integrante del trasporto urbano e si possono prendere con il relativo biglietto ATAC. Esiste inoltre una linea espressa che collega la città all'aeroporto di Fiumicino. L'altro ramo del servizio di trasporti pubblici urbano è costituito dalla rete ATAC di autobus, tram e filobus (ritornati in uso nel 2005). La forte presenza di macchine negli ultimi decenni ha portato alla creazione di una zona a traffico limitato nella parte centrale del centro nei giorni lavorativi dalle 6 alle 18. Il traffico anche durante la notte ha poi portato alla creazione di un'altra zona a traffico limitato notturna in Trastevere e S. Lorenzo, e ci sono progetti per allargarla al quartiere di Testaccio. I parcheggi sono sempre più spesso convertiti a pagamento, e allo stesso tempo sono pochi, ma si continuano a costruirne di sotterranei. La situazione del traffico romano è comunque difficile per molte cause, come ad esempio:
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EconomiaPalazzo dell'ENI, sede nazionale Palazzo dei Congressi nell'EUR Sviluppatasi inizialmente intorno all'artigianato dei rioni e successivamente all'amministrazione pubblica (statale, regionale, provinciale, comunale) e agli enti parastatali storicamente presenti nella città, Roma possiede oggigiorno un'economia dinamica e diversificata che produce l'8% del PIL nazionale (più di ogni altra città della nazione) e continua a crescere con un tasso superiore alla media nazionale, nel periodo 2001-2005 l'incremento è addirittura dell'undici per cento. Oltre ai servizi ed all'indotto generato dalla presenza delle strutture amministrative, è l'edilizia a rappresentare il settore economico più importante per la città. Questa, da un lato ha comportato la crescita scriteriata delle periferie romane (dando luogo alla figura "professionale" dei palazzinari) e dall'altro ha favorito lo sviluppo di alcuni tra i più grossi gruppi nazionali del settore. Ovviamente, anche il turismo rappresenta una delle voci più importanti per il bilancio cittadino, perché l'offerta culturale di Roma non ha eguali nel mondo: oltre il 16% dei beni culturali mondiali si trovano a Roma (il 70% in tutta Italia). La città è anche il centro di molte istituzioni finanziarie (banche ed assicurazioni), di centri di produzione televisiva e cinematografica (tra cui spicca la cittadella artistica di Cinecittà), di aziende operanti nella moda e nella pubblicità. La presenza di tre poli universitari, insieme ai dieci a carattere privato, recentemente ha favorito lo sviluppo di attività legate alla ricerca e ai servizi tecnologici avanzati. Forse inaspettatamente, a Roma è presente una forte realtà industriale, costituita di aziende di medio-piccole dimensioni, che si è sviluppata intorno ad alcuni poli di sviluppo, come la via Tiburtina o Acilia tanto da scavalcare Torino nel ruolo di secondo polo industriale. L'agricoltura e l'allevamento (soprattutto la pastorizia) stanno sempre più perdendo d'importanza, stante la connotazione sempre più urbana assunta dal territorio comunale, anche se non è infrequente ancor'oggi trovare greggi pascolare nelle zone periferiche della città. Roma è il comune d'Europa maggiore per le attività agricole.
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Media e telecomunicazioni
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Giornali
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Riviste
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TV
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Radio
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Educazione e culturaUno degli edifici de La Sapienza Roma continua ad essere il più grande centro di istruzione italiano con molte delle maggiori università del territorio:
Anche molte università private si trovano a Roma, come:
Sempre a Roma si trova l'Accademia di Santa Cecilia, la più antica accademia di musica al mondo (fondata nel 1584). La facoltà di Medicina e chirurgia "Agostino Gemelli" dell'Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore è anche la prima facoltà di Medicina italiana ad essersi dotata di un policlinico proprio. Inoltre sono presenti sedi di enti che hanno finalità (esclusiva o meno) di ricerca (lista da completare):
ed alcuni IRCCS
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Ricorrenze, Feste e FiereNotte Bianca all'EUR
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Monumenti e luoghi d'interesseGiovanni Paolo Pannini: Galleria di Roma antic Giovanni Paolo Pannini: Galleria di Roma moderna Il Pantheon Vista di Roma dalla Basilica di San Pietro Nel corso della sua storia, più di due volte millenaria, Roma ha accumulato notevoli tesori d'arte ed un patrimonio archeologico che non ha uguali nel resto del mondo. Questo aspetto della città è costituito da due caratteri principali storicamente e culturalmente differenti:
Innumerevoli sono i resti archeologici, gli edifici monumentali, le chiese,
le biblioteche, musei e gli istituti culturali. La formazione della città si può considerare conclusa con i grandi interventi urbanistici degli ultimi tre re di Roma, sotto i quali la città si sviluppa come centro urbano etrusco: in particolare la bonifica dell'area del Foro Romano mediante la costruzione della Cloaca Massima permise la creazione del centro politico, religioso e amministrativo della città, suddivisa in quattro regioni e dotata della prima cinta di mura. Dopo l'invasione gallica del 390 a.C. si ebbe la costruzione di una nuova cinta (le cosiddette mura serviane). A partire dal II secolo a.C. si moltiplicarono le costruzioni di nuovi edifici, che progressivamente venivano inseriti in piani urbanistici coerenti da parte dei personaggi che dominavano la storia politica e intendevano celebrare il proprio nome. Il fenomeno si accentuò ulteriormente nei primi due secoli dell'Impero romano, ad opera degli imperatori (Fori Imperiali, edifici pubblici grandiosi e splendidamente decorati come terme, teatri, anfiteatri, templi. Dopo la crisi del III secolo, che vide un quasi completo arresto dell'attività edilizia (con la significativa eccezione della costruzione delle mura Aureliane), una ripresa si ebbe in età tetrarchica. A partire dagli inizi del IV secolo, gli imperatori divenuti Cristianesimo, eressero le grandi basiliche cristiane (San Giovanni in Laterano e Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, costantiniane, e Santa Maria Maggiore e San Paolo fuori le mura nel V secolo) Il potere temporale dei papi ha poi riempito il territorio cittadino di chiese monumentali. Innumerevoli i resti architettonici sparsi nella campagna romana.
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Roma antica
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Basiliche patriarcaliSan Giovanni in Laterano San Paolo fuori le mura Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano
Basilica di San Paolo fuori le mura
Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano
Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore
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Fontane
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Chiese
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Altri luoghi di cultoA Roma, oltre a circa 900 chiese cristiane, per la maggior parte cattoliche, ma anche evangeliste, valdesi e di altre religioni cristiane, ci sono anche luoghi di culto di molte altre religioni, fra cui la più grande moschea d'Europa e una delle maggiori sinagoghe italiane.
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Ponti
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Mura di Roma
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Musei
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Palazzi
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PiazzeCampo de' Fiori Piazza del Popolo Piazza di Spagna Piazza Venezia
Piazza Farnese
Piazza della Minerva
Piazza del Quirinale
Piazza dell'Esedra o Piazza della Repubblica
Piazza della Rotonda
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Luoghi d'interesse
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AmbienteRoma ha al suo interno numerose aree verdi. Le aree protette sono: Area verde con laghetto nell'EUR
Inoltre sono presenti diversi giardini, molti facenti parte nel passato di dimore nobiliari: Il Tempio di Esculapio a Villa Borghese Villa Medici
Sono presenti numerose altre aree verdi e terreni dedicati all'agricoltura.
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SportHa ospitato le Olimpiadi del 1960 (vedi XVII Olimpiade). La città è ufficialmente candidata ad ospitare i Giochi Olimpici del 2016. (Roma 2016).
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Impianti SportiviLa cupola del PalaLottomatica
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CalcioOspita le gare interne della A.S. Roma, della S.S. Lazio, della Cisco Roma e della S.S. Lazio Calcio femminile.
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CiclismoRoma è stata varie volte arrivo di tappa del Giro d'Italia:
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PodismoOgni primavera ospita la maratona di Roma, l'evento sportivo con più alto numero di partecipanti in Italia ed una delle più importanti gare podistiche del mondo. La XIII edizione si terrà il 18 marzo 2007.
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PallacanestroOspita le gare interne della Virtus Pallacanestro Roma.
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PallamanoOspita le gare interne della S.S. Lazio.
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PallavoloOspita le gare interne della M. Roma Volley, militante nell'A1 maschile, della Virtus Roma e della Linea Medica Siram Roma entrambe militanti nel campionato di Serie A2 femminile.
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PallanuotoOspita le gare interne della squadra di pallanuoto di Roma e della S.S. Lazio.
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RugbyOspita le gare interne della Rugby Roma, della S.S. Lazio della US Primavera Rugby, della Net.Com Lazio & Primavera Rugby, dell'Unione Rugby Capitolina e della Nazionale Italiana durante il Sei Nazioni, quasi tutte allo stadio Flaminio.
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Curiosità su RomaSenatus PopulusQue Romanus
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Voci correlate
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Collegamenti esterni
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Enti romani
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Altri siti (alfabetico per descrizione)
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Bibliografia
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| Rome Travel Guide Rome Travel Guide and Rome Travel Information - TravelPuppy.com Situated on the River Tiber, between the Apennine Mountains and the Tyrrhenian Sea, the ‘Eternal City’ of Rome (Roma) was once the administrative centre of this mighty Roman Empire, governing a vast region that stretched from Britain to Mesopotamia. Today, it remains the seat of the Italian government and home to numerous ministerial offices but is superseded by Milan, in the north, for finance and business. The legendary beginnings of Rome are related in the tale of Romulus and Remus. Princess Rhea Silvia, ravished by Mars, gave birth to the twins and abandoned them to fate. The River Tiber carried them down to the Palatine Hill, where a she-wolf mothered the babes until their discovery by the shepherd. Romulus later killed Remus, before going on to found Rome in the marshy lowlands of seven hills. The anniversary of Rome’s foundation 21 April 753BC, is now marked by a public holiday. The historians’ version is no less astonishing. It traces the rise of the city from unimportant pastoral settlement and the earliest remains date back to the ninth century BC ruled over by a string of emperors. Rome saw a second period of development during the 15th-century Renaissance, when the Papacy took permanent residence in the city. Although Rome’s power has since waned, the city remains the essence of European civilisation. Ruins dating from Rome’s glory days lie within an area known as Roma Antica (Ancient Rome) and include the monumental Colosseum and the Foro Romano (Roman Forum), a crumbling legacy of pagan temples, broken marble and triumphal arches. Buildings from the Renaissance period are concentrated within the centro storico (the historic centre), situated between Via del Corso and the Tevere (River Tiber). Here, a labyrinth of narrow, cobbled side streets opens out onto magnificent piazzas presided over by Baroque churches, regal palaces and exquisite fountains. The romantic Piazza Navona with Bernini’s Fountain of the Four Rivers, Piazza di Spagna and the sweeping Spanish Steps, and the Trevi Fountain immortalised by Fellini’s La Dolce Vita (1959), all lie within walking distance of each other. Modern life continues amid this theatre of breathtaking monuments, as thousands of years of history are animated by more recent innovations, sophisticated boutiques, rowdy pizzerias and a merry-go-round of cars, and mopeds and buses. Across the river and to the west, lies the Vatican State which is home to the Pope and spiritual centre of the Roman Catholic Church. South of the Vatican, one finds the bohemian quarter of Trastevere, packed with trattorie and small wine bars. Further south still is the Testaccio district, renowned for nightclubs and live music. Tourism is a major source of income and tourists come and go during the year. The city is blessed with a warm Mediterranean climate, making Rome particularly pleasant to visit during the autumn and spring. In August, it is hot and sticky and when most of the locals head for the coast. Many shops and bars close for the summer break and the streets are quite empty save for visitors. Until recently, Rome was frequently criticised for being a chaotic and poorly maintained. However, celebrations for the year 2000 prompted the completion of a massive urban renewal scheme. Tons of scaffolding were finally dismantled to reveal beautifully restored facades, cleverly revamped museums and a rationalised public transport system. Today the citizens and tourists alike continue to benefit from the improvements carried out for the Jubilee celebrations during the Jubilee, when the Eternal City celebrated the fact that the millennium was 2000 years since the birth of Christ. ______________Rome Culture Guide Rome Culture Guide - TravelPuppy.com While Rome’s cultural life has been hampered by the vagaries of political squabbling and its inhabitants’ lack of passion in the arts in the past, there has been an increasing desire to step out of the shadows and into the limelight. High-profile international dance and theatre festivals, such as the RomaEuropa Festival which is held in October, and Rome’s new state-of-the-art auditorium are all helping to make this happen. Rome’s only official arts centre, the Palazzo delle Esposizioni, Via Nazionale 194, which combines cinema with dance and exhibition spaces, is closed until early 2004. However, major exhibitions have a spectacular venue in the Scuderie Papali del Quirinale, renovated by famous Italian architect Gae Aulenti and located opposite the Quirinal Palace (telephone number: (06) 3996 7500). Past shows have included one on the major works from St Petersburg’s Hermitage, Sandro Botticelli, and Rembrandt. Contemporary art or photography shows are also programmed. For those determined to try something a little less conservative seek out the Centri Sociali which is a non-profit, self-governing social centres set up by left-wing students during the 1970s, with support from the Italian Communist Party – which host the most radical concerts, films, theatre and dance events that Rome has to offer. Admission costs are at a minimum here, as are the prices for drinks at the bar. Centri Sociali attract an ‘alternative’ crowd aged 18-30 years old and vary from well-run places offering educational courses and Internet cafes to suburban squats. Tickets for cultural events are in demand and many are for subscribers only, so it is important for culture-keen visitors to rush to the box office with cash (not credit card) in hand some days prior to the performance. Price start at around €20. Ticket agencies may save some hassle. Orbis, Piazza Esquilino 37 (telephone number: (06) 482 7403), provides tickets for concerts, theatre and other sporting events. The weekly Roma C’è and Time Out Rome publications provide information on many cultural events throughout Rome. Music Rome has great plans for Renzo Piano’s new auditorium, which receivesd its official inauguration in December 2002. A ten-minute tram-ride from Piazza del Popolo, the auditorium or Parco della Musica (Music Park as it has been christened), features three halls with perfect acoustics and a large courtyard and is used for outdoor concerts and events. The tourist information office can provide more information. The, classical musical scene bases its reputation on two academies, the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia and the Accademia Filarmonica. Rome’s principal and most prestigious academy, the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia (telephone number: (06) 6880 1044) stages its own concerts or hosts visiting orchestras all year round at Auditorio Pio, Via della Conciliazione 4, while, during the summer, it graces the beautiful Renaissance courtyard of Villa Giulia, Piazzale di Villa Giulia 9, with performances. The Academia Filarmonica performs regular operas and concerts at the Teatro Olimpico, Piazza Gentile da Fabriano 17, Flaminio (telephone number: (06) 326 5991 ). Rossini and Verdi were once members of this academy (founded in 1821) that offers a varied programme of opera, chamber music and contemporary music. The Teatro dell’Opera di Roma, Via Beniamino Gigli 1 (telephone number: (06) 4816 0255), dominates the opera scene. The season runs from November to May. The box office opens two days before each performance. Free concerts (choral, chamber and organ recitals) are held in churches – including Sant’Ignazio, San Giovanni de’ Fiorentini, San Giovanni and Santa Maria Maggiore – during the summer months. Theatre The theatre season in Rome runs from October to May. The city’s official troop, the Teatro di Roma (telephone number: (06) 684 0001), is based at the prestigious Teatro Argentina, Largo di Torre Argentina 52 (telephone number: (06) 6880 4601), which hosts lavish productions directed by renowned directors. The Teatro Nazionale, Via del Viminale 51 (telephone number: (06) 485 498), is the permanent home of the Italian Theatre Board – ETI, which puts on light and fluffy comedies. Musical comedies are performed at the fashionable Teatro Sistina, Via Sistina 129 (telephone number: (06) 420 0711). Classical works are performed in the Teatro Valle, Via del Teatro Valle 23A (telephone number: (06) 6880 3794), and in the ETI-owned Teatro Quirino, Via Marco Minghetti 1 (telephone number: (06) 679 4585), whose varied programme includes the classics, contemporary work and Commedia dell’Arte. Fringe theatre is well represented at the Vascello, Via Giacinto Carini 72, Monteverde (telephone number: (06) 588 1021). Best of all are the open-air performances, which are held over summer in the lovely park, Giardino degli Aranci, Via di Santa Sabina, Aventino. Other venues are the Anfiteatro della Quercia del Tasso, Passeggiata del Gianicolo (telephone number: (06) 575 0827), with stunning views over the city, and the Teatro Romano di Ostia Antica, the Roman amphitheatre in Ostia Antica. Information and booking numbers are advertised on posters. Dance The Rome Opera Ballet performs at the Teatro dell’Opera di Roma, Via Beniamino Gigli (telephone number: (06) 481 601), where the regular diet of classical ballet is enriched with guest performances of internationally renowned dancers. The Teatro Olimpico, Piazza Gentile da Fabriano 17, Flaminio (telephone number: (06) 326 5991), has a strong dance season, ranging from classical to contemporary. Tickets for dance productions at the Teatro Argentina, Largo di Torre Argentina 52 (telephone number: (06) 6880 4601), are snapped up, so early booking is advised. Film Italy’s grand history in film has been centred in Rome since the Cinecittà (Cinema City), Via Tuscolana 1, was opened by Mussolini in 1937. Scenes from Anthony Minghella’s The English Patient (1996) and Jane Campion’s The Portrait of a Lady (1996) were both filmed in these studios but Italian cinema has failed to match the flowering of the 1940s, 50s and 60s. Among the greats are Rossellini’s Open City (1946) and Vittorio De Sica’s The Bicycle Thief (1948), depicting a harsh but touching picture of post-war Rome. Equally popular but highly romanticised was Jean Negulesco’s Three Coins in the Fountain (1954), which focused on the quest for love and the Trevi Fountain, and Audrey Hepburn’s Oscar-winning performance as a besotted princess in Roman Holiday (1953). However, it is Fellini’s films – Roma (1972) and La Dolce Vita (1959) – that have indelibly stamped images of Rome on the movie-goer’s mind. More recently Rome’s version of Woody Allen, Nanni Moretti, enjoyed considerable success at home and abroad with a film called Caro Diario (1993), which showed a beautiful and virtually empty Rome in August. Rome is blessed with over 80 cinemas and their numbers are increasing all the time. Tickets cost about €7 (prices are often reduced for matinee performances and on Monday evenings). The three-screen Nuovo Pasquino, Piazza San Egidio 10, Trastevere (telephone number: (06) 580 3622), shows English-language films daily. Metropolitan, Via del Corso 7 (telephone number: (06) 3260 0500), and Warner Village Moderno, Piazza della Repubblica 45-46 (telephone number: (06) 477 791), dedicate one of their screens to English-language films. Films are also shown in their original language on Monday evening at Alcazar, Via Merry del Val 14 (telephone number: (06) 588 0099), while Nuovo Olimpia, Via in Lucina 16G (telephone number: (06) 686 1068), shows original-language films regularly. There are numerous open-air showings in the summer, including Cineporto, Viale Antonio di San Giuliano (telephone number: (06) 324 3903), close to the Olympic Stadium, and Notti di Cinema a Piazza Vittorio (tel: (06) 445 1208), which shows films daily in Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II during the months of July and August. Weekly showings and details of film festivals are set out in the weekly publication, Roma C’è or in the daily press. Cultural Events During the summer, from June to September, Estate Romana offers a lively schedule of outdoor cultural events in and around the city, from rock, ethnic and jazz concerts, through theatre performances and outdoor cinema, to dance lessons and other cultural events hosted in various Roman piazze and gardens all over the town. As home to the Vatican, religious celebrations are important in Rome. The Pope makes an annual appearance at the Colosseum on Good Friday evening and delivers Midnight Mass at St Peter’s on Christmas Eve. Literary Notes There is nothing like Ovid’s Ars Amatoria (Art of Love – circa 16-25BC) for bringing Rome to life, with its vivid depiction of a trip to the Colosseum, the site of flirtation and grandiose spectacle. Those interested in the political intrigue may turn to I Claudius and Claudius the God (1934), Robert Graves’ portrayal of ancient Rome, or the more measured tones of Gibbon’s History and Decline of the Roman Empire (1782). The dramatic poetry of Virgil’s Aeneid (19BC), evokes the glory of the Roman Empire, blessed and cursed by the Gods. The Romantics had a soft spot for Rome; indeed Rome is the place where Keats breathed his last and the Keats-Shelley Memorial House is situated here (see Key Attractions). The tragic tale of Beatrice Cenci, beheaded in 1599 outside Castel Sant’Angelo for plotting to kill the father who had raped her, inspired Shelley’s play The Cenci (1886). ___________ Rome Festival - Events Rome Festivals and Events Guide - TravelPuppy.com Epifania – La Befana (Epiphany) Day of present-giving to Roman children, 6th January, throughout the city. Carnevale Children dress up and a few nightclubs put on special parties, the week before Lent, at various venues. Festa di Primavera (Spring Festival) Held late March-early April, at the Spanish Steps. Settimana Santa & Pasqua (Holy Week and Easter) Mass in St Peter’s Square on Saturday before Palm Sunday, services throughout Rome’s churches in Holy Week, and the Pope’s evening mass on Good Friday at the Colosseum. Good Friday Pope makes an appearance, 29 April at the Colosseum. Natale di Roma (Rome’s Birthday) 21st April with fireworks on the Aventine Hill. Festa della Liberazione Sombre festivities celebrate the Allies’ liberation of Italy in World War II, 25 April, Mausoleum of the Ardeatine Caves and Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Piazza Venezia. Festa del Lavoro (Labour Day) Free rock concert on 1st May,located outside basilica of San Giovanni. Mostra dell’Antiquariato Antique fairs, mid to the end of May, Via dei Coronari, near Piazza Navona. Fiera d’Arte di Via Margutta Art fair held over a four day period during May, Via Margutta 9. Estate Romana (Roman Summer) Music, dance, literature and film events, June-September in Rome’s parks and courtyards. Tevere Expo Arts and crafts fair, late June-late July, along River Tiber. Festa di San Giovanni Pope leads the way to the basilica of San Giovanni in Laterano, 23 June in Laterano. San Pietro e San Paolo Public holiday in honour of Rome’s two patron saints on 29th June, church service at Basilica of San Paulo Fouri le Mura. Roma Alta Moda Haute couture collections, mid-July, Piazza di Spagna and smart hotels. Festa di Noantri Markets and fireworks in honour of Madonna del Carmine, two weeks mid-July in Travestere. Mostra dell’Antiquariato Antique fairs, mid-end October, Via dei Coronari, near Piazza Navona. Fiera d’Arte di Via Margutta Four-day art fair, late October, Via Margutta. Mercato di Piazza Navona Market stalls selling food and craft items in Piazza Navona, mid-December until 6th January. Immacolata Concezione (Immaculate Conception) Mass by the Pope, 8th December, Santa Maria Maggiore. Midnight Mass Pope delivers mass, 24th December, St Peter’s Basilica. Messa di Natale (Christmas Mass) and ‘Urbi et Orbi’ Blessing 25th December, St Peter’s Basilica. Veglia di Preghiera (Prayer Vigil) the passage to the new year, 31st December, St Peter’s Basilica. San Silvestro/Capo d’Anno (New Year’s Eve) 31st December, festivities throughout city. _____________Rome Getting Around Getting Around Rome - TravelPuppy.com Public Transport Termini station is the main hub of Rome’s transport system. The city transport authority, ATAC (telephone numbers: (06) 4695 2027 or (800) 431 784; fax number: (06) 4695 2032; e-mail: clienti@atac.roma.it), operates the city’s large fleet of buses and trams. The network consists of 282 bus lines and six tram lines, which cover the entire city and run daily 0530 hrs-2400 hrs. After 2400 hrs, there are 22 night bus routes. Buses The regional transport authority COTRAL (telephone numbers: (06) 57031 or (800) 431 784) runs blue buses throughout the Lazio region. Night buses run daily 0000-0530 hrs, along 22 routes, which are marked on bus stops (fermata) and buses with the letter ‘N’. All tickets must be pre-purchased and are available for sale at ATAC counters, tabacchi (newsagents) and also at automatic ticket dispensers at metros. Tickets should be validated at the start of the journey (to avoid a hefty €51 fine). The cheapest ticket is the Biglietto Integrato a Tempo – BIT costs €0.77 and is valid for up to 75 minutes of travel on ATAC buses and trams, or for one trip on the suburban train lines or metro lines. Day (BIG) and week (CIS) passes – are valid on all transport in the municipality and are priced at €3.10 and €12.40 respectively. Monthly passes are also available. The BIRG pass covers a day’s worth of transport within the whole Lazio region, and prices are between €1.80 and €8 (depending on the number of zones covered). Rail Services There are three suburban railway lines departing from Termini, Ostiense and Flaminio stations, as well as Rome’s two metro lines (A and B), which cross at Termini station. The easily mastered metro service operates daily 0530 hrs-2330 hrs(until 2430 hrs Saturday). Plans to forge a new third line have been in the works for years but have not come any closer to fruition. Just extending the two existing metro lines proved to be trouble enough, with the uncovering of archaeological vestiges either postponing or preventing any advances. Taxis There are Taxi ranks located at various points around the city centre. Visitors are advised to use only the yellow and white official taxis. Surcharges are applied for each item of luggage and the night service (2200 hrs-0700 hrs), on Sundays, public holidays, and for airport transfers. While taxis may be called by telephone, the meter is turned on immediately after the call and not on pick-up. Tipping of 5-10 per cent is gratefully received, although Italians often do not bother with a tip. Companies include Radio Taxi 3570 (telephone number: (06) 3570), Cooperativa Samarcanda (telephone number: (06) 5551) and Taxi Tevere (telephone number: (06) 4157). Taxi hire costs, on average, €0.78 per kilometre (the price is higher out of town). Limousines Centrally located limousine companies include Autonoleggi Bevilacqua, Via San Nicola da Tolentino 20, Piazza Barberini (telephone number: (06) 483 756), which hires out limousines on an hourly or daily basis, and Airport Connection Service, Via A Fava 28/d, Zona Trionfale (telephone number: (06) 338 3221), which chauffeurs groups or single passengers to the airport but also hires out limousines for day use. Visitors can expect to pay from about €30 per hour. Driving in the City The interweaving paths of mopeds, pedestrians, trams, the erratic driving, a one-way system and the frequent traffic jams make the driving in Rome an experience which is best avoided. The authorities have reacted to traffic congestion and the ensuing pollution, by cutting off large areas of the city centre to non-resident traffic during business hours, and – to a lesser extent – in the evening. Exceptions are usually made for visitors driving to their hotel. Car Parking Parking is as problematic as the driving in Rome. Pay-and-display meters charge about €1 per hour (although the fee may be waived in the evenings and at weekends). There are various underground car parks in the city and the one at Villa Borghese is open 24 hours. There are some free parking spaces but anything marked Sosta Vietata (no parking) is to be avoided as the municipal police have a nasty habit of towing away illegally parked cars and then charging a huge sum for their return. Unlucky owners should contact the municipal police (telephone number: (06) 67691). Car Hire Cars can be hired by drivers aged 21 years (23 with some firms) and above, on presentation of a passport and valid driving licence (held for at least one year). A cash deposit or credit card number is requested and a valid international insurance policy is also necessary. Full insurance is advised. A small car costs from around €70 per day to hire. Providers include Avis (tel: (199) 100 133), Europcar Italia (telephone number: (800) 014 410 or (06) 488 2854), Hertz (telephone number: (199) 112 211), Sixt (telephone number: (06) 659 651), and the locally based Maggiore (telephone number: (848) 867 067), all with various locations throughout Rome. Bicycle Hire Bicycles are available for hire at Bici & Baci, Via Viminale 5 (telephone number: (06) 482 8443). Scooters are available at Happy Rent, Via Farini 3 (telephone number: (06) 481 8185), and Roma Scooter Rent, Via in Lucina 13-14 (telephone number: (06) 687 6455), located off Via del Corso near the Parliament. RomaRent, Vicolo de’ Bovari 7A, near Campo de’ Fiori (tel/fax: (06) 689 6555), has bicycles, scooters and cars for hire. Bicycle hire charges are from around €3 per hour up to €15 per day, while scooters cost €35-48 per day. ______________ Rome International Airport Rome International Airport - TravelPuppy.com Address Rome Leonardo da Vinci (Fiumicino) Airport, Via dell’Aeroporto di Fiumicino 320, PO Box 68, 00050, Fiumicino, Italy Location The airport is located 26km (16 miles) southwest of Rome Country code 39 Airport code CWL Telephone (0)6 65951 Fax (0)6 6595 5707 Email info@adr.it Website www.adr.it Rome Leonardo da Vinci (Fiumicino) Airport Rome’s principal airport is also known as Leonardo da Vinci, is located 26km (16 miles) southwest of the city centre. Fiumicino handles numerous domestic flights within Italy, as well as international flights to all of the major European cities and destinations further afield, including New York, Singapore, Cairo, Buenos Aires and Moscow. Transfer between terminals A free shuttle service links the terminals with the long-term car parks. Major airlines Italy’s national airline is Alitalia (telephone number: (06) 65643). Other major airlines include British Airways, Air China, Air France, Canadian Airlines International, Continental Airlines, Japan Airlines, Lufthansa, Singapore Airlines and Delta Airlines. Approximate Flight times to Rome: From London is 2 hours 50 minutes From New York is 8 hours 20 minutes From Los Angeles is 14 hours 35 minutes From Toronto is 8 hours 5 minutes From Sydney is 23 hours 10 minutes Arrival/departure tax This is included in the airline ticket. Time Zone GMT + 1 hour (GMT + 2 from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October) Airport Facilities Money and communications Banks, bureaux de change, ATMs and post offices located in the terminal. Eating and drinking There are several restaurants and bars loacted at the airport. Shopping There are duty-free and other shops which include fashion, perfumes, jewellery and traditional Italian products. Luggage Left-luggage is available on the ground floor of the International Arrivals inf Terminal C and is open daily. A porter service is also available, and can be reserved in advance (telephone numbers: (0)6 6595 8364 or 6595 4054). A lost property office is situated on the ground floor of the Office Tower (telephone number: (0)6 6595 3343). Other facilities A first aid facility is available daily 24 hours. A prayer room, a chapel, and nurseries are also available. Information desks Information desks are located within each terminal. APT provides tourist information desks (telephone number: (0)6 65951). Information kiosks with touch-screen technology and videoconferencing with an operator are situated in Terminal A which is the Departures and Arrivals, Terminal B which is the Arrivals and Terminal C in the Arrivals area and the service is free of charge. Disabled Facilities Disabled passengers’ lounges are available within the terminals. When booking a flight, passengers with disabilities are asked to specify the type of assistance needed. Parking spaces for disabled passengers are available in the long-term car park and on the first level of multi-storey car parks B and C and the fourth level of car park D. Business Facilities There is an Executive Centre providing meeting rooms, videoconferencing facilities, multilingual secretaries, translation and interpretation services, as well as conference organisation. There are also several airline executive lounges located in all terminals. Transport to the city Rail The Leonardo Express train service to Rome’s Termini Station takes 35 minutes. Metropolitan Trains FM1 stop at local stations on the way to Tiburtina. Services also run to Fara Sabina, Poggio Mirteto and Orte. Road Taxi Taxis to the centre of the city are readily available; passengers should only take a licensed metered taxi. Bus Terravision Shuttle services run to Rome Termini and Tiburtina daily, with connections to the metro A line at Lepanto. COTRAL runs a night service to Rome Termini and Tiburtina daily. Car Hire Auto Europa, Avis, Europcar, Hertz, Italy by Car, Maggiore, Sixt and Targa Rent all have desks in the Domestic and International Arrivals halls. Airport hotels The Hilton Airport Hotel (telephone number: (0)6 65258) is the only hotel on the airport site; it is linked to the terminals and the airport train station by a covered overpass with travelators. Other hotels in the area include the Holiday Inn Rome Parco Dei Medici (telephone number: (0)6 65581) and the Sheraton Roma (telephone number: (0)6 54531), which is halfway between the airport and the city centre; both hotels offer a shuttle bus service to/from the airport. _____________Rome Nightlife Rome Nightlife - TravelPuppy.com Rome may not be the hippest of capitals, but for those who know the right places, it is possible to party all through the night. Romans go out late and the fun only really begins after dinner. The wine-bars and cafés lying between Campo de’ Fiori, Piazza Navona and Via della Pace are the places to be seen. Irish pubs have also become popular over the last decade. The largest concentration of nightclubs are to be found in the Testaccio district, where a plethora of small venues offer concerts and dancing. The gay scene is alive and kicking and accounts for many of the more avant-garde night spots. The weekly Roma C’è and monthly Time Out Roma publications have some excellent information on the nightlife in Rome. The legal drinking age in Italy is 16 years and the absence of licensing laws means that drinking is possible at all hours. Most of the wine-bars and birrerie stay open until 2400 hrs in the winter and 0200 hrs in the summer. However, in general, people are more interested in seeing and being seen and alcohol is almost an afterthought. The prices of drinks vary considerably and a glass of wine at the Vineria, Campo de’ Fiori, costs €2-5 (depending on the quality of the wine), while a cocktail in a nightclub could be from €10.50. Half a litre of draught beer usually costs around €4. Drinks and coffees are always cheaper when consumed standing at the bar! Romans tend to dress more casually than their counterparts in Milan and Florence, although most of the women do their best to look stunning for a night out. Bars The Vineria, loacted right in the middle of Campo de’ Fiori, is still very ‘in’ and makes a perfect rendezvous for an early evening drink. Customers range from well-known actors to local winos, although lately the atmosphere has become a little more wannabe. Just a few doors down at number 20 is the Drunken Ship, good for those in search of English-speaking ex-pats and tourists. Equally popular and rather more refined is Antico Caffè della Pace, Via della Pace 5, close to Piazza Navona. The cosy interior is adorned with antiques and the ivy-clad façade looks onto a notoriously popular summer terrace. For a romantic pre-dinner aperitif, take a table at Caffè di Marzio, Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere 15, and enjoy a glass of wine overlooking this beautiful piazza in the heart of Trastevere. Casinos Gambling is banned throughout Italy (with the exceptions of San Remo, Venice and Aosta). Clubs House music is a firm favourite here, although a number of the smaller more alternative clubs play rock and revival. In the summer, many clubs close, giving way to the countless unofficial outdoor venues that spring up around town and beside the sea near Ostia. The rich and famous frequent the Gilda, Via Mario dei Fiori 97, close to Piazza di Spagna. Disco music dominates the dancefloor, there’s a piano bar reserved for private parties and a well-run restaurant. In summer the establishment moves out to Fregene, on the coast, for Gilda on the Beach, Via Lungomare di Ponente 11. Some of Europe’s well known DJs play at Goa, Via Libetta 13, close to Mercati Generali and recent guests include the Chemical Brothers. House and jungle music predominate amid a sophistacted ethno setting with candles and mirrors, insence and flowers. Tuesday is gay night. Alien, Via Velletri 13-19, is brash and bold, with sexy dancers paid to gyrate to house, commercial and revival. Theme evenings include ‘Stardust’ (house, funk, trance and dance) on Fridays and ‘Gay ’Night’ on Saturdays. In Testaccio, Alibi, Via Monte Testaccio 39, is frequented by ‘gay and friends’ and plays mainly house music with occasional live concerts. Close by, Zoobar, Via Monte Testaccio 22, plays house, rock and new wave to a mixed and cheerful crowd. Dance The Teatro Olimpico, Piazza Gentile da Fabriano 17, Flaminio (telephone number: (06) 326 5991), has a strong dance season, which ranges from classical to contemporary. Tickets for dance productions at the Teatro Argentina, Largo di Torre Argentina 52 (telephone number: (06) 6880 4601), are snapped up, so early booking is advised. Film Italy’s grand history in film has been centred in Rome since the Cinecittà (Cinema City), Via Tuscolana 1, was opened by Mussolini in 1937. Scenes from Anthony Minghella’s The English Patient (1996) and Jane Campion’s The Portrait of a Lady (1996) were both filmed in these studios but Italian cinema has failed to match the flowering of the 1940s, 50s and 60s. Among the greats are Rossellini’s Open City (1946) and Vittorio De Sica’s The Bicycle Thief (1948), depicting a harsh but touching picture of post-war Rome. Equally popular but highly romanticised was Jean Negulesco’s Three Coins in the Fountain (1954), which focused on the quest for love and the Trevi Fountain, and Audrey Hepburn’s Oscar-winning performance as a besotted princess in Roman Holiday (1953). However, it is Fellini’s films – Roma (1972) and La Dolce Vita (1959) – that have indelibly stamped images of Rome on the movie-goer’s mind. More recently Rome’s version of Woody Allen, Nanni Moretti, enjoyed considerable success at home and abroad with a film called Caro Diario (1993), which showed a beautiful and virtually empty Rome in August. Rome is blessed with over 80 cinemas and their numbers are increasing all the time. Tickets cost about €7 (prices are often reduced for matinee performances and on Monday evenings). The three-screen Nuovo Pasquino, Piazza San Egidio 10, Trastevere (telephone number: (06) 580 3622), shows English-language films daily. Metropolitan, Via del Corso 7 (telephone number: (06) 3260 0500), and Warner Village Moderno, Piazza della Repubblica 45-46 (telephone number: (06) 477 791), dedicate one of their screens to English-language films. Films are also shown in their original language on Monday evening at Alcazar, Via Merry del Val 14 (telephone number: (06) 588 0099), while Nuovo Olimpia, Via in Lucina 16G (telephone number: (06) 686 1068), shows original-language films regularly. There are numerous open-air showings in the summer, including Cineporto, Viale Antonio di San Giuliano (telephone number: (06) 324 3903), close to the Olympic Stadium, and Notti di Cinema a Piazza Vittorio (tel: (06) 445 1208), which shows films daily in Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II during the months of July and August. Weekly showings and details of film festivals are set out in the weekly publication, Roma C’è or in the daily press. Live music For lovers of Jazz head for Big Mama, Vicolo di San Francesco a Ripa 18. It is notoriously cramped but attracts some good up-and-coming musicians, plus a few well known names. Likewise, Fonclea, Via Crescenzio 82A, in the Prati area (near to the Vatican), stages jazz and rhythm and blues concerts. There’s a late-night restaurant and the bar serves excellent cocktails and a wide selection of whiskeys. For more new or rarefied jazz sounds and ethnic music, try the very hip La Palma, Via Giuseppe Mirri 35 (near the Tiburtina metro stop). Nearby in Testacccio, Caffè Caruso, Via Monte Testaccio 36, hosts performances from local and visiting Caribbean, Cuban and Brazilian musicians, while the Villaggio Globale, Ex-Mattatoio, Lungotevere Testaccio, offers a good line in alternative and world music. For something quite different, visit the Centri Sociali (see the Culture page). One that is well known as a live music hotspot is Brancaleone, Via Levanna 11, where a decisively alternative and dressed-down crowd attends concerts, films, art exhibitions and club nights. The Circolo degli Artisti, Via Casilina Vecchia 42, offers an eclectic mix of reggae,rap, cyber punk and grunge. ___________ Rome Shopping Rome Shopping Guide - TravelPuppy.com Romans concur with the Parisians that it is better to be chic than shocking. Consequently, Rome’s shops are full of expensive and almost identical, fine clothes, leathers, shoes and bags. In winter, real fur is still de rigeur. Smart designer shops, where the sales assistants are at their snootiest and the price tags discreetly absent, are concentrated in the network of streets spanning out from the Spanish Steps. Of these, Via Condotti has most of the big names which include, Gucci, number 8, Max Mara, number 17-19A, Valentino, number 16, Louis Vuitton, number 15, Salvatore Ferragamo, numbers 65 and 73, and Giorgio Armani, number 77. Bulgari, number 10, displays glitteringly expensive watches, while Damiani, number 84, stocks alarmingly costly jewellery, worn by Jennifer Aniston in recent publicity campaigns. Nearby Dolce e Gabbana, Piazza di Spagna 82/3, offers slightly more entertaining but equally expensive gear. Fendi has a cluster of boutiques along Via Borgognona, numbers 36-39, with a wide range of furs, shoes, bags and their ready-to-wear collection. Other big names located here include Gianni Versace, number 25, Moschino, number 32A, Gianfranco Ferré, number 6, and Laura Biagiotti, number 44. In the same area, the recently-opened TAD conceptstore, Via Babuino 155A, which specialises in ‘ethnic-chic’, with departments ranging from furniture to flowers and clothing to music. There is also a hairdressers and a café. On neighbouring Via Frattina, number 23, the glorious Pineider stocks upmarket stationery and desk equipment. Less expensive buys are to be found in the high-street shops which line the Via del Corso, Via del Tritone, Via Nazionale and Via Cola di Rienzo. Alternatively, bargains are snapped up in the January and July sales. The antiques quarters are located along Via Margutta, Via del Babuino, Via Giulia, Via dei Banchi Vecchi and Via de’ Coronari (the pedestrian street organises fairs in May and in October when its stores are open late). Bric-a-brac and retro clothes are on offer at the increasingly popular flea markets, the best being Via Sannio (Monday to Saturday, 0730 hrs-1300 hrs) and Porta Portese (opening hours Sunday 0730-1300) Although there are supermarkets and shopping malls in Rome which includes the 100-shop Centro Commerciale Cinecittà Due, Viale Palmiro Togliatti 2, Tuscolana, the Roman shopping style is to visit the local fruit and vegetable markets (Monday to Saturday, 0700 hrs-1300 hrs) and to dip in and out of delicatessens. Luxury goods to take home may include assorted vinegar, truffles and olive oil. Castroni, Via Cola di Rienzo 196, sells the culinary riches from Italy’s regions and comforting imports from around the world (including baked beans). The well-established Trimani, Via Goito 20, was founded in 1821 and stocks an excellent selection of Italian wines. Smaller shops often close for lunch (1300 hrs-1630 hrs). Larger stores tend to stay open all day (0900 hrs-1930 hrs). Opening times can be confusing, and many food shops closed on Thursday afternoon (in the winter) and other shops not opening until the afternoon on Monday. Summer brings later opening hours (until 2000 hrs) but also Saturday afternoon closing and complete closure for at least a fortnight in August. Value-added tax (IVA) is 20 per cent on clothing and luxury goods. Foreign tourists from non-EU countries can claim a tax refund, provided they spend at least €155 at the same shop on the same day. Those who are eligible should ask the shop assistant for a receipt (with a description of the articles purchased) and a ‘tax-free cheque’. Upon departure from the EU (no later than 90 days after the date of purchase), these should be presented to customs. Global Refund can provide more information. _________________ Rome Sightseeing Rome Sightseeing Guide - TravelPuppy.com Overview There is simply so much to see in Rome with the beautiful Vatican City alone easily swallowing up an entire weekend. Most visitors are overwhelmed and remain torn between running from sight to sight in order to ‘see’ everything or lingering over a couple of monuments and museums. The latter option is strongly recommended. It is best to punctuate the cultural trips with ice creams, coffees and serene walks in the city’s parks and one of the loviest is the Villa Borghese. As for most holy sites, clothing that covers up midriffs, shoulders and legs is recommended, particularly when visiting the Vatican. The centro storico is the obvious starting point, with the greatest concentration of classical and Christian sites located in a fairly small space. Stumbling upon ancient frescoes, Renaissance fountains and beautiful piazzas are part of the pleasures of wandering through Rome’s streets. Rome has over 400 churches and four major basilicas, St Peter’s, St John Lateran, St Mary Major and St Paul’s. However, it is San Clemente, which is located on the Via San Giovanni in Laterano that encapsulates the multi-layered labyrinth of Rome. At street level, there is a 12th-century basilica with beautiful mosaics. Down another level is a well-preserved Roman basilica. Deeper still are more ancient Roman remains, until finally, at the lowest level, is the temple to the oriental cult of Mithras. The Ministry of Culture organises the Settimana dei Beni Culturali (Cultural Week; telephone number: (06) 67231), which is usually held in late March or early April and which allows free entry to all state-owned museums, public monuments and excavation sites. Tourist Information Azienda di Promozione Turistica di Roma (APT) Via Parigi 5 Telephone numbers: (06) 488 991 or 3600 4399 (call centre). Fax number: (06) 481 9316. Website: www.romaturismo.com Opening hours: Monday-Saturday 0900 hrs -1900 hrs. Other APT branches are at Termini station and Fiumicino airport and there are ten other green tourist information booths dotted around the city in strategic points (open daily 0930 hrs -1930 hrs). Another useful source of information is the Anglo-centric Enjoy Rome, Via Marghera 8A (telephone number:(06) 445 1843), near Termini station. The Ente Nazionale per il Turismo (ENIT), Via Marghera 2 (telephone number: (06) 49711), provides information on Italian areas outside of Rome and the Latium region. Passes Various tourist passes are available. Roma Caput Mundi, Piazza di Trevi 86 (telephone number: (06) 678 6136) run the Itinere Card, which is a booklet of tickets providing admission to a number of less known museums and archaeological sites which includes Capitoline Museum, Forum of Trajan and Trajan Markets, Circus of Maxentius, City Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Museum of Roman Civilisation and Museum of Folklore. The pass, valid for a week, costs €12.91 and can be purchased from Roma Caput Mundi. Roma Vision (telephone number: (06) 4695 4695) has now introduced a card called ReadyRoma. This one-week pass costs €41 and includes the Itinere Card, a tour by boat, a ride on a historic tram and two passes for buses that cover the city’s most interesting sites, including the catacombs on the Via Appia. They also offer cheaper one-day options. Cards are available from Roma Vision, who have stands at Termini station, Piazza del Colosseo, Piazza Santa Maria Maggiore and Piazza San Giovanni. Two other passes are the Museum Card and the Archaeological Card (telephone number: (06) 3996 7700, information). The first allows entrance to the National Roman Museum’s four sites which are Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Palazzo Altemps, Baths of Diocletian and Crypta Balbi. The second allows entrance to those sites plus the Colosseum, the Palatine, the Baths of Caracalla, the tomb of Cecilia Metella and Villa dei Quintilli. The passes cost €9 and €20 respectively and are valid for seven days from the first day of use and can be purchased from any of the participating monuments or museums. Key Attractions Foro Romano (Roman Forum) The Roman Forum is currently a heap of marble fragments, columns and floor layouts. An imagination is required to recreate the former marketplace that was the commercial, political, and social heart of ancient Rome and the symbolic centre of an Empire stretching to Greece, Carthage and Sicily. Fire, barbarians and pillaging builders in medieval and Renaissance times contributed to the Forum’s present state of disrepair but the Forum was only revealed during the excavation work of the 19th century. A bird’s-eye view is gained from behind Piazza del Campidoglio, while a closer look can be had from along Via Sacra that runs through the centre of the Forum. Among the best preserved and most fascinating monuments are the AD203 triumphal Arch of Septimius Severus which was built to celebrate victory over the Parthinians and the remains of Caesar’s rostra, from where his great speeches were declaimed. Another feature is the former atrium of the House of the Vestal Virgins and the adjacent Temple of Vesta, a circular building where the vestal virgins were entrusted in keeping the eternal flame alight. Just up from the Arch of Titus in the Forum is the Palatine where the palaces of the Roman emperors stood. Largo Romolo e Romo, Via dei Fori Imperiali Telephone number: (06) 699 0110. Transport: Metro Colosseo; bus to Via dei Fori Imperiali or Piazza Venezia. Opening hours: Daily 0900 hrs-1830 hrs (April-October), daily 0900 hrs-one hour before sunset (November-March). Admission: Free or €8 for a Palatine and Colosseum combined ticket. Colosseo (Colosseum) Located near to Via Sacra and the fourth-century Arco di Costantino (Arch of Constantine), lies the gigantic oval of the Colosseum at 186m (620ft) long and 153m (510ft) wide and about 47m (157ft) high. Emperor Vespasian began construction in AD72 and work was completed eight years later by his son Titus. It was the scene for entertainment that one can hardly understand with gladiatorial conquests between men, lions and wild beasts, with death guaranteed. The ‘games’ were finally outlawed in the fifth century. The stadium has been pillaged over the centuries and rocked by earthquakes. Today, only its skeletal framework remains, with the winding passages used to force animals up to the battlefield within the arena and formerly underground which is now exposed. Piazza del Colosseo Telephone number: (06) 700 4261. Transport: Metro Colosseo; bus to Piazza del Colosseo. Opening hours: Daily 0900 hrs-1930 hrs (April-October); daily 0900 hrs-two hours before sunset (November-March). Admission: €8 (ticket also allows entry to the Palatine). Pantheon One of the best preserved and most beautifully proportioned of Rome’s ancient monuments, the Pantheon has become an emblem of the city. Built by Hadrian between AD119 and AD128, as a temple to the gods, the Pantheon was converted to a Christian church in AD608 and the key to its miraculous survival. The radius of the dome is exactly equivalent to the height and a nine-metre (30ft) hole, known as the oculus, in the dome’s centre allows light into the building. Statues of the deities would once have decorated the interior. Now the focal point of interest is the tomb of Raphael. Most astonishing of all are the large brass doors, which belonged to the original Roman building. Piazza della Rotonda Telephone number: (06) 6830 0230. Transport: Bus to Largo Argentina or Via del Corso. Opening hours: Monday-Saturday 0830 hrs -1930 hrs, Sunday 0900 hrs-1800 hrs. Admission: Free. Cappella Sistina & Musei Vaticani (Sistine Chapel & Vatican Museums) An awe-inspiring glimpse of Michaelangelo’s depiction of The Creation is well worth the queues and crowds which go hand-in-hand with a visit to the Vatican City. Michaelangelo grudgingly accepted Julius II’s commission to paint frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel which was built as a private chapel of the popes between 1475 and 1480. Work began in May 1508, the frescoes were unveiled in August 1511, and completed in October 1512. 21 years later, a reluctant Michaelangelo painted the Last Judgement on the wall located behind the altar, adding his own aged face below the figure of Christ. Pope Pius IV was scandalised by the display of nudity and the offending genitalia had to be concealed by hastily painted loincloths and most have been removed during restoration work. In fact, the recent restoration of the Old Testament scenes has caused great controversy. Although eclipsed by Michaelangelo’s artistry, the Renaissance paintings that line the walls are fine works, created by the famous masters – including Michaelangelo’s own teacher called Ghirlandaio. The Vatican Museums alone could easily take a day or two of a trip to Rome. Highlights include the Stanze di Raffaello (Raphael’s Rooms), the Etruscan Museum, depicting Italy before the Romans, and the Pio-Clementino Museum which contains the world’s largest collection of Classical statues. Viale Vaticano 100 Telephone number: (06) 6988 4947. Fax number: (06) 6988 5061. Website: www.vatican.va or www.christusrex.org Transport: Metro Ottaviano; bus to Piazza del Risorgimento. Opening hours: Monday-Saturday 0845 hrs-1545 hrs with last entry at 1420 hrs (April-October); Monday-Saturday 0845 hrs-1345 hrs with last entry at 1220 hrs (November-March); last Sunday of month 0845 hrs-1345 hrs with last entry at 1220 hrs. Admission: €10, free last Sunday of the month. Basilica di San Pietro (St Peter’s Basilica) St Peter’s Basilica is located above a former shrine, which is said to mark the burial ground of the saint. Despite its venerable age of 1000 years, Pope Julius II pulled down the original structure in 1506 and with his architect Bramante in tow built a shiny new basilica. Construction lasted 120 years, during that time a team of architects and artists, including Alberti, Bramante, Raphael, Peruzzi, Sangallo the Younger and Michaelangelo, struggled over this enormous edifice. Michaelangelo was responsible for the huge dome and supporting drum but died in 1564, before work was finally completed in 1590. The basilica’s interior is an unashamed display of the power of the Church. Amid the grandeur and in the first chapel on the right lies Michaelangelo’s Pietà (1498/9). Arnolfo da Cambio’s bronze statue of St Peter (1296), in the central aisle, has become famed for its foot worn to a nub by pilgrims’ kisses. Bernini’s Throne of St Peter (1665), above the papal altar and made with bronze purloined from the Pantheon on the Pope’s orders, dominates the far end of the nave. Optional extras include a trip into the dome, the Vatican Gardens (pre-booked guided tours only), and the Vatican Grottoes, containing papal tombs. Access to the Necropolis below the Grottoes is allowed with written permission only. Piazza San Pietro Telephone number: (06) 6988 1662 (pilgrim and tourist information centre). Transport: Metro Ottaviano; bus to Piazza del Risorgimento. Opening hours: Daily 0700 hrs -1900 hrs (April-October); daily 0700 hrs-1800 (November-March). Admission: Free. St Peter’s Dome Opening hours: Daily 0800 hrs-1745 hrs (April-October); daily 0800 hrs-1645 hrs (November-March). Admission: €4 (without lift); €5 (with lift). Necropolis Opening hours: Applications should be made to the Ufficio Scavi (telephone number: (06) 6988 5318; fax number: (06) 6988 5518; e-mail: scavi@fsp.va) several days prior to visit. Admission: €9. Vatican Gardens/Vatican Guided Tours Office Teephone number: (06) 6988 4466. Fax numberl: (06) 6988 5100. Opening hours: Organised tours can be booked several days in advance. Admission: €9. Fontana di Trevi (Trevi Fountain) A string of legends surround the Trevi Fountain, which is located amid the labyrinthine streets off Via del Tritone. It is said that a virgin came across a three-way (tre-vie) spring, causing the original fountain to be built. More recently, Anita Ekberg immortalised the fountain in the famous scene of Fellini’s La Dolce Vita (1959). According to myth, a coin cast in these waters will ensure a return visit to Rome. The Baroque extravaganza was designed by Nicolò Salvi for Pope Clement XII and completed in 1762. The statues – representing Abundance, Agrippa, Salubrity, the Virgin and Neptune guiding a chariot drawn by sea horses, appear as a cast of characters performing a melodrama, with a Renaissance palace for their backdrop and craggy rocks in the foreground. Piazza di Trevi Transport: Bus to Piazza San Silvestro. Opening hours: Daily 24 hours. Admission: Free. The Spanish Steps and Keats-Shelley Memorial House The Piazza di Spagna district is little changed from 18th-century prints depicting the area which is still dominated by the elegant double steps known as the Spanish Steps. These were designed in 1723-26 by Francesco de Sanctis to link Via del Babuino with Via Felice – the first great street planned by Sixtus V (1585-90). Reminiscent of the grand ascent to the Sacré Coeur in Paris, the steps lead up to the 16th-century Trinitá dei Monti. From here, spectacular views over the city rooftops more than warrant the steep climb. The Spanish Steps acquired their name from the neighbouring Spanish Embassy but the area is more intimately associated with italy – even acquiring the name of Ghetto de l’Inglesi (English Ghetto). The tourists on the Grand Tour of the 18th and 19th centuries which included Keats, Shelley, Byron and the Brownings all helped to establish the district’s reputation as a cosmopolitan artistic quarter. At the foot of the steps lies the boat-shaped Barcaccia fountain, designed in 1627 by Bernini. To the right stands the modest Keats-Shelley Memorial House, where 25-year-old John Keats died of tuberculosis in 1821. Exhibits include pictures and prints, private letters, an urn bearing Shelley’s ashes and a lock of Keats’ tawny red hair. Keats-Shelley Memorial House Piazza di Spagna 26 Telephone number: (06) 678 4235. Fax number: (06) 678 4167. Website: www.keats-shelley-house.org Transport: Metro Spagna. Opening hours: Monday-Friday 0900 hrs-1300 hrs and 1500 hrs-1800 hrs, Saturday 1100 hrs-1400 hrs and 1500 hrs-1800 hrs. Admission: €3. Piazza Navona This dramatic piazza which is lined with cafés and restaurants lies at the centre of the centro storico. Its oval shape follows the form of the former stadium, built in AD86, by Emperor Domitian. During the Renaissance, the site was floodedin order to stage mock naval battles. The piazza gained its current form in the mid-17th century, when Pope Innocent X commissioned Borromini to design the Church of Sant’Agnese. In front of the church Bernini built the Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi (Fountain of the Four Rivers), adorned with powerful figures representing the four great rivers of the world, the Nile, Danube, Ganges and Rio della Plate. Transport: Bus to Largo Argentina. Opening hours: Daily 24 hours. Admission: Free. Villa & Galleria Borghese Located just to the east of the Spanish Steps lies green relief from sightseeing, the sculpture-scattered gardens landscaped in the 17th century for Cardinal Scipione Borghese (nephew of Pope Paul V). This area includes the city zoo, Piazza di Siena arena, mock ancient temples, imitation medieval castles and an artificial lake. The pull of culture may be strong enough to lure the resting visitor into the Casino Borghese, a treasure trove of sculpture and antiquities, the Etruscan Museum in nearby Villa Giulia, with its remarkable sarcophagus of the reclining ‘Bride and Bridegroom’ from Cerveteri, or the Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Moderna e Contemporanea. However, the Galleria Borghese which is home to Bernini’s most famous work, Apollo and Daphne and should be seen first (ticket reservation is obligatory and visitors are only admitted every two hours). Galleria Borghese Piazzale Scipione Borghese 5 Telephone number: (06) 32810. Fax number: (06) 855 5952. Website: www.galleriaborghese.it Transport: Metro Spagna; bus or tram to Via Veneto. Opening hours: Tuesday-Sunday 0900 hrs-1900 hrs. Admission: €6.50 (reservation are required). Villa Giulia Piazzale di Villa Giulia 9 Telephone number: (06) 320 0562. Transport: Tram 3 or 19. Opening hours: Tuesday-Sunday 0830 hrs-1930 hrs. Admission: €4. Galleria Doria Pamphili The excessive wealth of the powerful Doria Pamphili family, a pillar of Rome’s papal aristocracy. The half-British sibling and heir recalls childhood memories of roller-skating along the parquet floor of the 18th-century ballroom – tiny indentations prove the truth of his story retold on the audio tape issued to guide you around. The rambling palace is still occupied and there are a number of the private apartments open to the public in the mornings only for a small additional fee. Works by Correggio, Caravaggio and Velázquez are on display here, as well as some amusing pieces by lesser-known artists. Piazza del Collegio Romano 2 Telephone number: (06) 679 7323. Fax number: (06) 678 0939. Website: www.doriapamphilj.it Transport: Bus to Piazza Venezia. Opening hours: Friday-Wednesday 1000 hrs -1700 hrs. Admission: €7.30. Campo de’ Fiori At dawn from Monday to Saturday, stall holders at Rome’s best-loved fruit and vegetable market set up their wares at Campo de’ Fiori. This down-to-earth square which is surrounded by tumbledown orange-ochre facades, is a far cry from the more grandiose piazzas of the centro storico. Here one encounters the friendliness and spontaneity for which Romani are so renowned. At sunset, some of the city’s liveliest and most authentic wine bars and trattorie place their tables out onto the cobbles and locals and visitors alike flock here to eat and drink below the stars. Campo de’ Fiori Transport: Bus to Largo Argentina. Opening hours: Monday-Saturday from dawn to dusk. Admission: Free. ______________ Rome Tours - Excursions Rome Tours Guide - TravelPuppy.com Walking tours Rome Walks offers a wide variety of group tours. With english speaking guides who are experienced in history of art. Departure will points vary, depending on the tour. They also can arrange personalised tours covering ‘off the beaten track’ sights. Group tours are offered several times a week and include the ‘Vatican City Walk’, which takes four-and-a-half hours and costs €35 (excluding €10 museum entrance fee) also the highly informative ‘Colosseum and Ancient City Walk’ at a cost of €25 excluding €8 Colosseum entrance fee. They can also arrange a variety of private tours (for groups of one to four), including the ‘La Dolce Vita’ in Rome, the catacombs or Nero’s Golden Palace. For those wishing to sample some Roman nightlife, the ‘Colosseum Pub Crawls’ leave every night from both the Colosseum Metro and the Spanish Steps at 2000 hrs. The €15 ticket includes free shots, drinks and entrance to a disco-bar at the end. Also Enjoy Rome (see Tourist Information) offers a number of walking and bike tours around Rome which start at €13. Boat Tours Tourvisa Italia, Via Marghera 32 (telephone number : (06) 446 3481), provides a 100-minute round trip boat tour from the bridge Ponte Umberto 1 (Piazza Navona) to Ponte Duca d’Aosta. Boats depart at 1100 hrs and 1630 hrs Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday (March to October), depending on the weather conditions. The air-conditioned Tiber II sails past the Vatican, Castel Sant’Angelo and under Rome’s bridges. The cruise costs €13 per person. Bus Tours The number 110 ATAC bus (telephone number: (06) 4695 2252, bookings and information) departs every half-hour (daily 0900 hrs-2000 hrs April-September or 1000 hrs - 1800 hrs October-March) from Piazza dei Cinquecento for a two-hour tour (with commentary in English) around Rome’s main sights (with 11 stops en route). Tickets and a leaflet outlining the itinerary are available in English at any tourist information office. The tour costs €7.75 or €12.91 if you want to get on and off the bus. There are also night tours. Other Tours Rome Duck Tours (tel: (020) 7928 3132) runs unconventional tours on an amphibious craft, which depart from County Hall and rumble through Rome’s streets, taking in Whitehall, Trafalgar Square and Buckingham Palace, before plunging into the River Thames for a 30-minute cruise. Single tickets for the 70-minute tour cost £16.50, concessions are available. Excursions for half day Ostia Antica A 40-minute train journey from Piramide station or a pleasant drive along Via del Mare, is Ostia Antica and Imperial Rome’s main port from the second to ninth centuries AD. It was founded in the seventh century BC, by King Ancus Marcius, and lay abandoned until excavations in the 19th century. The shoreline has now withdrawn three kilometres (two miles) away to the present Lido di Ostia and, at first glance, all that can be seen is a network of thoroughfares with the odd upstanding column. A few hours spent in this quiet spot and the imagination will conjure up the former thriving town and the day-to-day lives of its inhabitants. The main artery, the Decumanus Maximus, leads to an amphitheatre with fantastic acoustics, which is a perfect location for a peaceful picnic. Mosaics at the Forum of the Corporations depict the produce sold or trade practised, while the bar, Thermopiliu, with its wide marble counter and lively fresco, evokes leisure time. Temples to a host of deities summon up the religious life and the homes of Ostia’s inhabitants reveal mosaic interiors, while communal latrines are testament to more mundane activities. The museum displays coins, glassware and statues. The site (telephone number: (06) 5635 2830) is open daily 0830 hrs-1930 hrs (April-October) and daily 0900 hrs -1700 hrs(November-March). Admission costs €4. Excursions for a whole day Tivoli A 30km (20 miles) drive east of Rome along the A24 lies the hilltop town of Tivoli. Alternatively, travellers can take a COTRAL bus from Ponte Mammolo metro stop or a train from Termini or Tiburtina stations (direction Avezzano). Both stop at Tivoli. Conquered by the Romans in 338BC, the town became the prized spot upon which to build luxurious villas and homes for wealthy families. The Villa d’Este (telephone number : (0774) 312 070) is one such folly, built in 1550, according to the whim of art patron Cardinal Ippolito d’Este (son of Lucrezia Borgia). The state apartment is decorated with the swirling frescoes and paintings of Correggio, Da Volterra and Perrin del Vaga, while outside are the vast Renaissance gardens. Their fountains can only be described as kitsch and the Owl Fountain which was designed to echo the owl’s hoots and Fontana dell’Organo Idraulico, which imitated the organ’s burblings. More imagination went into the construction of the Villa Adriana or Hadrian’s Villa (telephone numbers: (0774) 382 733 or (06) 3996 7900, information and bookings), which has been included on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. Enough of the Canopus fountain – with its sturdy columns and statues overlooking a central pool – remains to evoke the peace of this domain and country retreat for Rome’s great military campaigner. It is thought that his favourite spot was the tiny island, cut off completely from the surrounding man-made pool (Teatro Marittimo) by an ingenious retractable bridge. The standard opening hours for both Villa d’Este and Villa Adriana are 0900 hrs -1930 hrs (ticket office closes at 1800 hrs). Admission to each site costs €6.50. |
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مدرج
كولوسيوم الروماني، أحد أشهر معالم روما وإيطاليا قاطبة
روما (بالإيطالية: Roma) هي عاصمة إيطاليا و أكبر مدنها. تقع في وسط دولة إيطاليا على ضفاف نهر التيفيرة و يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 2.555.000 نسمة. وهي عاصمة مقاطعة روما حوالي 3,615,972 نسمة ، وأيضا عاصمة إقليم لاتسيو حوالي 5,270,000. سميت نسبة إلى الرومان. كانت المدينة في العصور القديمة عاصمة اﻹمبراطورية الرومانية وأصبحت عاصمة إيطاليا الحديثة منذ 1871. هي عاصمة مقاطعة لاتيوم والتقسيم اﻹداري روما. لقرون عدة ، دعِيت روما المدينةَ الأبديةَ ، عنوان كَسبته كونها أحد أهم وأعظم المدنِ في الحضارةِ الغربية، فقد كانت عاصمة الإمبراطورية الرومانيةِ، ووهي الان القلب الروحي للكنيسةِ الكاثوليكية الرومانيةِ. و منذ 1871 هي عاصمةَ إيطاليا الموحدة تقع دولة الفاتيكان، أصغر دولة في العالم، داخل حدود مدينة روما. أضاف اليونسكو مركز مدينة روما القديم وكنيسة القديس بطرس ومدينة الفاتيكان لقائمة التراث العالمي. تتخذ كل من منظمة الأغذية والزراعة(الفاو) والصندوق الدولي للتنمية الزراعية و برنامج الأغذية العالمي من المدينة مقرا لها.
[تحرير] الجغرافيا
[تحرير] الموقع
منظر عام لروما، في المقدمة تظهر
المتاحف الفاتيكانية
تقع روما في وسط البلاد على نهر االتيبر، ليس بعيدا عن البحر الأبيض المتوسط. يبلغ معدل ارتفاعها عن سطح البحر حوالي 37 متر. تقع سلسلة جبال الأبروزي في شرق المدينة، في الشمال الشرقي تقع جبال سابينه وفي الجنوب تقع جبال الألبان. المدينة تقع في حوض التيبر، الذي يمر به كل من نهر التيبر ونهر أنينه متوحدين قبل دخولهم روما. بالنسبة لخطوط الطول والعرض فإن روما تقع على 41.53 درجة على خط الطول و12.29 درجة على خط الشرق. تدعى المنطقة الريفية التي تحوي روما بكامبانيا رومانا أو بشكل مختصر "كامبانيا". تحد مقاطعة روما من الشمال كل من مقاطعة فيتيربو ومقاطعة رييتي، من الشرق مقاطعة لاكويلا في ولاية أبروزي، من الجنوب مقاطعة فروسينونه ومقاطعة لاتينا.
[تحرير] التقسيم السياسي
خريطة للمدينة مع أسماء أهم مناطقها
تنقسم روما إلى 19 بلدية و155 منطقة. البلديات يشكلون ضواحي المدينة. تم إدخال تقسيم البلديات ال 1 |