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| Nigeria Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see NACA Building, Abuja NACA Building, Abuja Afariogun Adeshola Nigeria is the most important country of West Africa. It borders on Cameroon in the East, Chad and Niger in the North and Benin in the West. Nigeria is the most populous country of Africa with over 137 million inhabitants. Its an oil rich Nation but the people are poor because of rampant corruption and high population. Abuja the capital is a growing city with modern landscape. Ibadan is the second biggest cities, and from a distance it looks a lot like an Italian city, because of the colour of the roofs of the houses. The centre for Tropical Agriculture is not only a very interesting place but also boasts one of the best Golf courts in the country The most interesting city of the North is without a doubt Kano . A very old centre of learning and an important emirate before the British arrived, it still is a great city to explore. Zaria and Sokoto - with a real Sultan - are two other of these old Hausa cities you can visit. _________History Edit This Like so many other african states, Nigeria is the creation of European imperialism. Its very name after the great Niger River the country's dominating physical feature was suggested in the 1890s by British journalist Flora Shaw who later became the wife of colonial governor Frederick Lugard. The modern history of Nigeria as a political state encompassing 250 to 400 ethnic groups of widely varied cultures and modes of political organization dates from the completion of the British conquest in 1903 and the amalgamation of north and south Nigeria into the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria in 1914. The hisory of the Nigerian people extends backward in time for some three millennia. Archaeological evidence oral traditions and written documentation establish the existence of dynamic societies and well-developed political systems whose history had an important influence on colonial rule and has continued to shape independent Nigeria. Nigerian history is fragmented in the sense that it evolved from a variety of traditions, but many of the most outstanding features of modern society reflect the strong influence of the three regionally dominant ethnic groups--the Hausa in the north the Yoruba in the west and the Igbo in the east. There are several dominant themes in Nigerian history that are essential in understanding contemporary Nigerian politics and society. First the spread of Islam predominantly in the north but later in southwestern Nigeria as well began a millennium ago. The creation of the Sokoto Caliphate in the jihad (holy war) of 1804-8 brought most of the northern region and adjacent parts of Niger and Cameroon under a single Islamic government. The great extension of Islam within the area of present-day Nigeria dates from the nineteenth century and the consolidation of the caliphate. This history helps account for the dichotomy between north and south and for the divisions within the north that have been so strong during the colonial and postcolonial eras. Second the slave trade both across the Sahara Desert and the Atlantic Ocean had a profound influence on virtually all parts of Nigeria. The transatlantic trade in particular accounted for the forced migration of perhaps 3.5 million people between the 1650s and the 1860s while a steady stream of slaves flowed north across the Sahara for a millennium ending at the beginning of the twentieth century. Within Nigeria slavery was widespread with social implications that are still evident today. The Sokoto Caliphate for example had more slaves than any other modern country except the United States in 1860. Slaves were also numerous among the Igbo the Yoruba and many other ethnic groups. Indeed many ethnic distinctions especially in the middle belt--the area between the north and south--were reinforced because of slave raiding and defensive measures that were adopted for protection against enslavement. Conversion to Islam and the spread of Christianity were intricately associated with issues relating to slavery and with efforts to promote political and cultural autonomy. Third the colonial era was relatively brief lasting only six decades or so depending upon the part of Nigeria but it unleashed such rapid change that the full impact was still felt in the contemporary period. On the one hand the expansion of agricultural products as the principal export earner and the corresponding development of infrastructure resulted in severely distorted economic growth that has subsequently collapsed. On the other hand social dislocation associated with the decline of slavery and the internal movement of population between regions and to the cities necessitated the reassessment of ethnic loyalties which in turn have been reflected in negigance and poverty In the three decades since the independence of Nigeria in 1960, a period half as long as the colonial era, Nigeria has experienced a number of successful and attempted military coups d'état and a brutal civil war let corrupt civilian governments siphon off the profits from the oil boom of the 1970s and faced economic collapse in the 1980s. As the most populous country in Africa and one of the ten most populous countries in the world Nigeria has a history that is important in its own right but that also bears scrutiny if for no other reason than to understand how and why this nation became as it is today. ____________Getting There Edit This [Add Global transport mode] Ben Edit This You can get to Nigeria mainly by air or road. There are 4 major international airports, Lagos,Abuja,Kano and port Harcourt. Lagos and Abuja being the busiest airports of the four.There are direct flights from several major cities in Europe,Africa,Asia and the Usa some of them are, Afriqiyah Airways (Cotonou, Tripoli) Air France (Paris-Charles de Gaulle) Alitalia (Accra, Rome-Fiumicino) Arik Air (Accra, London-Heathrow (Nov. 2008)) Bellview Airlines (Abidjan, Accra, Banjul, Conakry, Dakar, Douala, Freetown, Johannesburg, Libreville, more.. type: By Air World66 rating: [rate it] email: benade12@aol.com ___________Economy Edit This Economy—overview: The oil-rich Nigerian economy continues to be hobbled by political instability corruption and poor macroeconomic management. Nigeria's unpopular military rulers have failed to make significant progress in diversifying the economy away from overdependence on the capital intensive oil sector which provides 30% of GDP 95% of foreign exchange earnings and about 80% of budgetary revenues. The government's resistance to initiating greater transparency and accountability in managing the country's multibillion dollar oil earnings continues to limit economic growth and prevent an agreement with the IMF and bilateral creditors on debt relief. The largely subsistence agricultural sector has failed to keep up with rapid population growth and Nigeria once a large net exporter of food now must import food. Agricultural production in 1996 suffered from severe shortages of fertilizer and production of fertilizer fell even further in 1997. GDP: purchasing power parity—$132.7 billion (1996 est.) GDP—real growth rate: 3.3% (1996 est.) GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity—$1 300 (1996 est.) GDP—composition by sector: agriculture: 39% industry: 31% services: 30% (1996 est.) Inflation rate—consumer price index: 12% (1997 est.) Labor force: total: 42.844 million by occupation: agriculture 54% industry commerce and services 19% government 15% Unemployment rate: 28% (1992 est.) Budget: revenues: $13.9 billion (1998 est.) expenditures: $13.9 billion including capital expenditures of $NA billion (1998 est.) Industries: crude oil coal tin columbite palm oil peanuts cotton rubber wood hides and skins textiles cement and other construction materials food products footwear chemicals fertilizer printing ceramics steel Industrial production growth rate: 4.1% (1996) Electricity—capacity: 5.881 million kW (1995) Electricity—production: 16.21 billion kWh (1996) Electricity—consumption per capita: 152 kWh (1995) Agriculture—products: cocoa peanuts palm oil corn rice sorghum millet cassava (tapioca) yams rubber; cattle sheep goats pigs; fishing and forest resources extensively exploited Exports: total value: $15 billion (f.o.b. 1996) commodities: petroleum and petroleum products 95% cocoa rubber partners: US 40% EU 21% (1995) Imports: total value: $8 billion (c.i.f. 1996) commodities: machinery chemicals transportation equipment manufactured goods food and animals partners: EU 50% US 12% Japan 7% Debt—external: $34 billion (1997 est.) Economic aid: recipient: ODA $NA Currency: 1 naira (N) = 100 kobo Exchange rates: naira (N) per US$1—21.886 (December 1997) 21.886 (1997) 21.895 (1995) 21.996 (1994) 22.065 (1993) Fiscal year: calendar year ___________Day Trips Edit This LaCampagne Tropicana Beach Resort This is a lovely beach resort about 1-2 hours away from the city of Lagos. There are rooms available for overnight stay, as well as a pool and boat rides on the lagoon. The resort is very peaceful, not crowded and the scenery is absolutely gorgeous - palm trees along an ever-stretching coastline. Be warned, the sea is very rough. _________People Edit This i_1 Population: 110 532 242 (July 1998 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 45% (male 24 871 855; female 24 661 134) 15-64 years: 52% (male 29 420 428; female 28 343 567) 65 years and over: 3% (male 1 627 452; female 1 607 806) (July 1998 est.) Population growth rate: 2.96% (1998 est.) Birth rate: 42.24 births/1 000 population (1998 est.) Death rate: 12.95 deaths/1 000 population (1998 est.) Net migration rate: 0.32 migrant(s)/1 000 population (1998 est.) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 15-16 years: 2.03 inbetween male and female 65 years and over: 1.01 male(s)/female (1998 est.) Infant mortality rate: 70.74 deaths/1 000 live births (1998 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 53.55 years male: 52.68 years female: 54.45 years (1998 est.) Total fertility rate: 6.09 children born/woman (1998 est.) Nationality: noun: Nigerian(s) adjective: Nigerian Ethnic groups: Hausa Fulani Yoruba Ibo Kanuri Ibibio Tiv Ijaw Religions: Muslim 50% Christian 40% indigenous beliefs 10% Languages: English (official) Hausa Yoruba Ibo Fulani Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 57.1% male: 67.3% female: 47.3% (1995 est.) __________Festivals Edit This There are so many festivals in Nigeria, that there are only a few I can easily remember such as the Agugu Fishing festival in the northern part of nigeria which is an annual fishing competition. And the Osun Oshogbo festival in Osun state in the south western part of the country.There is also this other festival in Igboland which Ndigbo call "Iriji". It is among Ndigbo of Eastern Nigeria. It is done annually, to tahnk the god of yam for making it possible for the people to see another harvest year. It is called New yam festival among Ndigbo. Contributors August 22, 2005 change by giorgio [Add Festival] ifone Edit This u lot are a bunch of poo heads World66 rating: [rate it] accessibility: ghyu url: asderf address: 12 adden road email: ifone@hotmail ::::::::::Abeokuta Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Abeokuta is the capital of Ogun State. The town derives its name (meaning "Under the Rock") from the Olumo Rock, a massive outcrop of granite rocks. The highest point of the Rock is 137 meters above sea level. The Rock is naturally surrounded by caves , one of which is about 20 feet long and 25 feet wide. Abeokuta lies in the South-West of Nigeria about 100 kilometres from Lagos. To the North of it, some 70 kilometres away, is the city of Ibadan, the capital of Oyo State. The Rock is sacred to the Egba of Abeokuta because it was the place where they found refuge from their attackers in the days of internecine wars. To them, Olumo Rock stands not only as a monument of faith in unity but also as a source of strength and unfailing protection and sustenance from the Supreme Being who led their ancestors through the complexities of life safely to Abeokuta. ::::::: Aboh Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Headquarter of Ndokwa East along the River Niger after Asaba torwards PortHarcourt. It is an ancient Town dominated of Aboh speaking people, mostly farmer and fishermen. It is borded Ase creek on the North and River Niger on the south stretching to the Sea :::::::::Abuja Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Zuma Rock Zuma Rock Y. Frommer Nicknamed, "Second London", Abuja is Nigeria's new capital. It is a beautiful city with clean roads, The idea was conceived in 1975 and the seat of government formally moved to Abuja from Lagos in 1992. It was intended to be developed in four phases. The first phase had so far been completed. In a few years the city will have a few million inhabitants, but right now there are only a few hundred thousand. This means that the city is pretty spread out and there are a lot of half empty spaces. There aren't a whole lot of sights in Abuja (yet), the main Mosque is pretty enough, but muslims are not allowed in and the guards are not always very welcoming. Close to Abuja you find Zuma Rock, which looks like a pale version of Ayers Rock. The local population used to attribute magical power to the rock. You can see it on the way from Abuja to Kaduna - the same road brings you to Zaria and Kano. Abuja has an ultra modern Airport - Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport named after the first president of Nigeria. The first phase of the international wing had been commissioned and is now operational while the smaller domestic terminals have been in operation since the early 80s. Abuja is located at the center of Nigeria and is bounded by Kogi, Niger, Kaduna and Nassarawa States. Its indeed a beautiful place to be. Abuja is known as the center for unity as a result of its rich culture based on the lifestyles and people from different tribes. _____ ________Getting There Edit This [Add Global transport mode] Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport Edit This The Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport, Abuja named after the first Governor General and president of Nigeria, serves both international and domestic passengers. The airport is located some 40 kilometers from the city centre of Abuja on the highway from Abuja to Gwagwalada. The planning of the airport is developed in phases without serious interruptions to operations. At present, phase 1 and the presidential wing of the airport has been developed while phase 11 is under construction. Phase 1 consists of the cargo terminal, which is being used as the domestic terminal more.. type: By Air World66 rating: [rate it] tel: +2348057970621 address: House 4, 1H Road, FHA Lugbe, Airport Road, Abuja ____________Tours and Excursions Edit This There are many cultural and historical events to see while staying in Abuja. Why not take your time and visit places like Zuma rock, Eagle square, Abuja villages and local markets. [Add New] Kivilac Travels & Tours Ltd Edit This Kivilac Travels & Tours Limited (KTTL) which is a subsidiary of Kivilac-Conoi Group Limited has positioned itself as one of the most reputable travel agencies in Nigeria. Located in Maitama, one of the high-brow Districts of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, KTTL has become the name in public and private sector travels and tours. If you plan to visit the tourist areas of Abuja why not give us a call and we can arrange everything for you. World66 rating: [rate it] url: www.kivilac.com tel: +23494131773 :::::::::Akure Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Akure is the Capital city of Ondo State. It is refer to as Akure Oloyemekun. Akure got it's name from the meaning which is a city situated where the neck jewery of the founder broke into pieces. It is located in the Cocoa producing area of Nigeria and the capital of the State where two of the most important and bigest projects in West Africa is taking place, Bitumen and LNG production. :::::::::Asaba, Delta State Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see w w wre The City of Asaba, the capital of oil rich Delta State of Nigeria is located on the edge River Niger. Asaba forms a connector between western, eastern and northern Nigeria through the River Niger from the north and via the Asaba Niger Bridge, an east west link and a Nigeria landmark. It is a gateway to the city of Onitsha. Since becoming the Delta State capital, Asaba has grown in population to over two million very hospitable people and now maintains a population of predominantly non-indigenous People. _________Festivals Edit This Ulo This is a bi-annual festival held in july to mark the cleansing of the town of evil spirits, illnesses and misfortunes. Aja This means "sacrifice" and is celebrated annually in August to appease the gods and mark the beginning of harvest period. Iwaji This is celebated in september and marks the duration of the harvest period. It celebrates the abundance and availability of new yams. Ine or Ekwensu This is a five day celebration with one day each for the five Asaba Villages. It is marked by a military like parade and war dances reminiscent of the old battles in which Asaba people distinguished themselves. Oli Oma This is a feast day at the end of the harvet during which families give sacrifices to their dead mothers. A type of mothers day for deceased mothers. ::::::::::Awka Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Awka is one of the major cities of Nigeria and is in Anambra State. Awka is the capital City of Anambra State. It is a major commercial city for all types of activities, jobs, it is at the border of Anambra State and Enugu State all in the Eastern region of Nigeria. You might like to visit this city. ::::::::Benin city Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see New Benin Market New Benin Market Valerio Vendegna Benin City was one of the most important cities of West Africa until the British came along. They looted the town and took 2000 bronze statues back to Britain. Today Benin City is still a very pretty city. It is still an important center for traditional art, see for example the statues in the Okada House. The National Museum in the centre still has a few good pieces of the traditional statues but they are not as good as those in the British Museum. Furthermore there is an Oba Palace and a few good art galleries. The spectacular beauty about the city is that it is surrounded by moats which are as historical as the walls of china. It was used as a form of defence against enemies of the city. The moat is said to have taken over three years to complete. Also, Benin City has always been known as the town of the best bronze casters in West Africa. The museum near circular road is totally obsolete and the presentation of the pieces is dramatically insufficient. :::::::Calabar Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Margaret Ekpo International Airport Calabar Margaret Ekpo International Airport Calabar Omayemi Mac -Jaja Calabar has an annual rainfall of 106ins, this means that Calabar has the highest rainfall in Nigeria. Obudu Ranch which is more than 7,000 ft above sea level has a temperature of ???. The weather here has been compared to a typical December month in London. The difference is that this weather remains the same throughout the year. So when you have been suntanned in Calabar and miss the usual winter feeling , come down to OBUDU Ranch. Calabar is in the far South East of the country it is an important and your last stop on your way to Cameroon. Why don't you go on a trip to the Cameroun borders. An interesting day out to feast your eyes of green and virgin vegetation. To see animals in their natural habitat and stop to buy fresh organic fruits from the forest. Calabar is compact by Nigerian standards but pleasant. Calabar is famously known to stand for:C=come A=and L=live A=and B=be A=at R=rest.There is a vibrant market and produce brought from far and wide. If you want organic food to buy instead of artificial and fertilizer engineered food come to Calabar market. Calabar museum is a museum too. It has housed some of the oldest antiquities of the Southren Nigeria Protectorate. Before you take a 20mins boat trip to Creek Town to see the statue of Mary Slessor and the work she did there, you must take note of the Calabar river. Hippo has been reported to be sighted along Calabar just by the creek that leads you to Creek Town. The Calabar river was the motor-way of the 15th century which led the Europeans to the town. Whatever your views it was was a mixed blessing. It brought trade and Christianity. We should not forget the Ekpe Institution. It was the government of the day. Till today, Ekpe society plays an important part in the social, cultural live of the people of Calabar. The Cross River State Annual Christmas Festival held every year attracts thousands within and beyond Nigeria. The Festival which include music performance from both local and international artists, the annual Calabar carnival, Boat regatta, Fashion shows, Christmas Village, traditional dances and the annual Ekpe Festival is a yearly events that bring in thousands of tourists at the time of the year. The official website of the Cross River Fesival http://www.crossriverfestival.com has more information on the upcoming 2007 Christmas Festival in Cross river State. The local authorities have made a great effort to make the streets safe by enlarging them, removing potholes, and adding stripes between lanes. One can get about though - as long as one is careful Calabar is quite safe. Getting around in calabar, Cross River State Remlords Tours & Car Hire Services http://www.remlordstours.com provide transportation and tour guide services to visitors to Calabar and Cross River State. Make online reservation http://www.remlordstours.com/contactus.html The annual Cross River State Festival held every December of every year continues to attrct tourist from far and near. 2007 Calabar festival promises to rival previous events and introduce a new dimension. http://www.crossriverfestival.com is the official website for the Cross River Festival. There is alot of Colonial Architecture in the older parts of Calabar that are around Henshaw Town, Duke Town and the waterfront areas. The Duke Town church is one of the oldest in Nigeria. It was established by the Presbyterian church missionaries. If you go to Eyamba Street just past the church there is a cemetery with stunning views over the town and river. Inside the cemetrey is the tomb of Mary Slessor, a missionary from Dundee in Scotland UK. She was very influential in this part of Nigeria. The hill overlooking the waterfront houses the Calabar Museum which I foudn to be excellent. It is housed in the Old Government House, the former residence of the colonial governor. The building was designed and built in Glasgow and shipped over in pieces. The museum concentrates on the history of Calabar, the region and slavery. It has a larger quantity of original documents relating to Nigeria than I have seen anywhere in Nigeria, the UK or USA. Since it is not heavily frequented by tourists you can easily get a guided tour from one of the staff and I foudn that to be invaluable. To give you some idea, I spent 3 hours there without a break and had barely touched the surface of the material there. There are alot of artefacts relating to the production of Palm Oil out the back which are fascinating too. Please please visit!!!!!!! The Drill Monkey Rehab Centre is on Ndidem Nsang Iso Road and hidden behind the Jahas Guest House. It was set up by two overlanders from the USA who were biologists back home but who were persuaded by the Nigerian Government to stay in Nigeria and look after the endangered Drill Monkeys which were traditionally hunted and eaten in the Afi Mountain range that borders Cameroon. The couple now have staff in Calabar where they care for recently rescued monkeys e.g. those they capture from people trying to smuggle and export them and they also then return them to the wild in a Drill Ranch in Afi Mountains which is not too far from Calabar. I visited both and would recommend them both although you need a decent vehicle and map to get you to the ranch. The Afi Mountain Ranch (near Katabang) when I was there (~2 years ago) was working on building more accommodation up there and a forest canopy walkway like that in Kakum Park in Ghana for people to experience the environment more closely - I highly recommend this after going to Kakum and I hope the one in Nigeria is being built as it would be a great asset! You are able to visit both after prior arrangement with the team Tel: 087/234 310 Email: drill@infoweb.abs.net. I met Jack the chimp in Calabar and I will never forget the experience of having sit in my lap and fiddle with my hair :) You can also visit tinapa http://www.tinapa.com The complex will provide international standard wholesale emporiums, integrated shopping complexes and product distribution elements supported by business tourism and entertainment facilities. Due for commisioning on the 2nd of April 2007, the first phase of the project a shopping complex comprising: four wholesale emporiums 60 retail outlets a food court with take-away outlets and a communal sitting area an administrative centre parking for approximately 3,000 cars and coaches an “entertainment strip” leading out of the shopping complex which will include: a casino of international standard five restaurants a cinema complex with cinemas ranging from 104 to 340 seats each a games arcade and ten-pin bowling alley a children's play area a fisherman's village comprising three themed bars, a themed nightclub and an arts and crafts village 300-room budget hotel support services and amenities such as a sick bay, management offices, etc. a warehouse cluster with five warehouses Leisureland / Waterworld facility Wave pool Standing wave surfing Lazy river ride Water slides Picnic area Children's pool and children's play area Tennis courts Volleyball courts Change room facilities Lifeguard tower Kiosks Management offices ::::::::::::: Cross River National Park Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see An integral part of the State rainforest conservation area, located in Boki LGA and spans from Kanyan to the foot of the Obudu plateau with a total land area of 720sq. km of rugged mountain scenery and rolling hills. Gorillas, Chimpanzees, Baboons, Leopards, Red Foxes, Drill Monkeys, Buffaloes and Elephants are found there. It also harbours a rich collection of flora and fauna. ::::::Ibadan Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see round about in Ibadan round about in Ibadan Adebisi Adewoyin Ibadan is the capital city of Oyo State, Nigeria and the largest city in black Africa. In spite of its size, its population of about 2.5 million is small when compared to Lagos, even though this is enough to populate some countries in the world. The city is centrally located in the south-west part of the country on a rippling plain with ridges of about eight rocky hills. The average elevation of these hills is about 700 ft. To fully appreciate how uneven the city is, a visit to the Premier Hotel, which is situated on top of a hill is a must. The town is roughly divided into what could be called ancient and modern Ibadan. The former seems to be totally cut off from the latter even though they practically exist side by side in some cases. One side of the road can be home to all the comforts of modern living while the other would be a dense area of cluttered mud houses that's inaccessible to all forms of modern transportation. What you have instead are foot-paths. The modern part of the city is in stark contrast to this. Here you have modern roads, the sad state in which some of them are in notwithstanding. The buildings, both public and private, are mainly erected with concrete blocks with an architectural style that is difficult to place a finger on. You do not have to dig deep to find a reason for this; it is as a result of very lax local planning laws and a pilfering of architectural designs from all over the world. By the time the local touch is added, even the original designer would not have been able to recognize the finished product. It has to be said that Ibadan is not the only culprit in this regard, Lagos as well as most other cities in the country follow the same pattern. To its credit Ibadan is home to Cocoa House which was once the tallest building in tropical Africa. The University of Ibadan, the first university in the country and where the distinguished Nobel prize winner Prof. Wole Soyinka went to, is also in Ibadan. The city is fast becoming cosmopolitan with the advent of Lebanese and Asian businessmen in particular, though it is far behind cities like Lagos (the commercial capital), Abuja(the country's new capital) and Port Harcourt (the capital of Rivers State and where there is a lot of oil wealth). For people who wish to experience how two cultures - western and traditional - can mingle, then Ibadan is certainly the place to go. What it lacks in excitement it more than makes up for in hospitality. ::::::::::Ilaro Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Ilaro town, western Ogun state, southwestern Nigeria. Located on the former trade route from the towns of the empire of Oyo to the port of Porto-Novo (now the capital of Benin), 40 miles (64 km) southwest, it was established by the late 18th century as the capital and chief trade centre of the Egbado people (a subgroup of the Yoruba). With the decline of Oyo in the early 19th century, the Egbado kingdom was raided for slaves by the Dahomeyans until it was absorbed in the 1840s and '50s by the more powerful Egba kingdom at Abeokuta (29 miles [47 km] northeast). As a subject town, Ilaro served the Egba as a trading post on the western route from Lagos to Ibadan. In the 1860s European missionaries arrived and established the Yoruba Anglican Mission in Ilaro. Following the 1890 delineation of colonial boundaries by the French and the British, the Egbado , who felt oppressed by Egba rule, asked for British protection and control of their territory. A British military garrison was built in Ilaro in the same year. Modern Ilaro is a collecting point for cocoa, palm oil and kernels, kola nuts, vegetables (especially rice and okra), and fruits grown in the surrounding area. Yams, cassava, and corn (maize) are also cultivated by the town's farmers. Cotton weaving and dyeing (with locally grown indigo) are traditional industries. There are deposits of limestone (used by a cement plant at Ewekoro, 13 miles [21 km] east-northeast) and phosphate in the vicinity. Ilaro is the site of a federal polytechnic college. It is located at the end of a spur on the Lagos-Nguru railway and lies at a junction of local roads. Pop. (1992 est.) 42,410. :::::::::.. Ilorin Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see A resident of the City A resident of the City De' Sam Int'l Ilorin is a city in in the central region of Nigeria. It is the capital of Kwara State and one of the most beautiful and peaceful cities in Nigeria. :::::::::Jos Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Downtown Jos Downtown Jos Jos is one of the nicest places to visit in Nigeria. It's the capital of the Plateau State and is located at an elevation of 1300 metres above sea level, which means that it is cooler here than anywhere else in the country most of the time. The main attraction of the town is the Jos Museum Complex, which consists of four separate museums and a zoo. Skip the Railroad and the Tin Mining Museum and head for the Jos National Museum and the Traditional Nigerian Architecture Museum. If you are spending a few days here you might consider paying a visit to the Rock Brewery. They have guided tours with an all you can drink buffet for reasonable prices. Jos is surrounded by beautiful hills, the most welknown being the Shere Hills (1800m). Also the Jarawa hills, the Vom Hills and the Gana Wuri. Many tourists choose Jos for trekking and hiking. None of them rival the world's highest ranges, but you can work up a hearty appetite climbing up them. Factor in their natural beauty and the various streams and dams around, the area makes a perfect picnic spot. Part or or all of this text stems from the original article at: management ______________Things to do Edit This Discover the beautiful hills of Plateau State, ECOTOUR-HILLS will take you hiking for a day, 2 days or half a day. You will be surprised at the beauty of the landscapes. Join them through their web site: www.ecotourhills.com :::::::::::.Kaduna Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see River Kaduna from Road Bridge River Kaduna from Road Bridge Arthur Brooks LBIPP Kaduna (Kada meaning crocodile, hence Kaduna - City of Crocodiles) used to be the colonial and immediate post independence capital of Northern Nigeria. It is situated on the Kaduna River and has a cool temperate weather. It has an airport, railway station and is an important junction with roads branching in five (5) different directions. It is also a major commercial and industrial base in the North. It is now the capital of Kaduna State. Although Kaduna is quite a nice place it does not have many sights you should visit. There are a few things to do however. For instance, the "General Usman Katsina Gate", known locally as Kofar Gamji, or Gamji Gate. Gamji Gate was once a great park known by the River Kaduna that cuts through its serene and simple landscape and crocodiles of course. The Park, has bars and restaurants, a swimming pool, and a Zoo, with camel rides. the Park is at times during the year the venue for open air pop concerts. Trappco Resort situated close to Kaduna International Airport offers chalet accomodation, boating and sailing on the lake, and a zoo. The restaurant bar and swimming pool facitiies are excellent. Kaduna is an excellent base for visiting the nearby town of Zaria. The old city of Zaria was once home to great warriors on horse back and still stands till today. Driving through Zaria, towards Jos in Plateau state, one passes through Marbawa, known for its poetry. All in all, Kaduna is a nice stop on your way north to Kano} or south to Abuja and North East to Jos. Zaria, home to Ahmadu Bello University, is quite historical. :::::::::::Kano Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Tie And Dye Tie And Dye Beth Howe Kano is one of the nicest cities to visit in Nigeria. It has been one of the most important trading towns for the Hausa, who had a big empire in the 18-th and 19-th century and are still one of the most influential people of Nigeria. On the edge of the Sahel (the fringe of the Sahara) Kano has many cultural and historical links to the tribes of the southern Sahara. It’s a bustling and interesting city (the third-largest in the country—it’s grown at a frenzied pace in recent years) and though it’s noisy and crowded it’s much more bearable than Lagos. Be sure to visit the walls of the Old City (there are 16 gates) and the massive Kurmi Market. Also in the Old City is the Central Mosque (now closed to non-Islamic visitors but worth seeing from outside especially during a Friday service). South of the mosque is the Emir’s Palace (you can’t enter it without a personal invitation from the emir) and across from the palace is the Gidan Makama Museum (historic and crafts exhibits). Indigo cloth is dyed at the Kofar Mata dye pits (the oldest in Africa). The Gidan Dan Hausa (an old colonial governor’s mansion) is worth a visit to see its unusual Hausa/Islamic architecture. There’s also a nice zoo south of town. Excursions can be made to Katsina, Daura (a traditional Hausa town) Birnin Kudu (rock paintings) and Sokoto (with a sultan’s palace, and a good market for leather goods). Kano is situated 836.5 km northeast of Lagos. Historically, Kano has been a centre of trade especially towards the North across the Sahara and South to Zaria. It is currently the largest city in the North and the capital of Kano State. A marked distinction could however be noticed between the old Hausa City and the modern industrial one served by an international airport, rail lines and major roads. ::::::::::::Lagos Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Sunset over Apapa, Lagos Sunset over Apapa, Lagos Y. Frommer Lagos, in the context of geopolitical classification, is a metropolitan city. Lagos is one of the 36 federating states in Nigeria made up of 20 major towns and 24 villages. The multi-ethnic nature of the place made it hard to get a good grip on the the place. Most visitors who come to Lagos are here for business, and touristic infrastructure is lacking a bit. The huge city does have an interesting museum filled with replicas of some of the best African Art you can find in Europe and the US. There are good beaches nearby, and in places like Ikeja or in Bar Beach there is always something going on - even if it is just a huge "go slow". Beaches such as Alpha in Lekki, Wispering Palms in Badagry etc, are ideal places for fun seekers. ::::::::::Minna Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Maizube Farms, Minna Maizube Farms, Minna ACF Minna is a railway town located very much in the center of Nigeria, the most populous black nation in the world. The city is walled by granite hills to the east and to the north. The south and the western parts of the town extend on a lowly plain that reaches down to the Niger river valley. Minna has a University of Technology, with many foreing national students and teachers. There are other higher colleges of education in the town. The weather is generally moderate, with lows of 24 degrees C. and highs of 30 in the dry season, just around April. The vegetation is tall grassland, with very much woody areas close to river valleys. The town is close to the largest hydro-electric generation plant in Nigeria, Shiroro. There is a large artificial lake which is attractive and a source of fishing for the inhabitants. Historically, Minna was a railway construction labour camp, which deveoped into a cosmopolitan city within a hundred years. Its first governiing council, with Malam Muazu as secrtary, was established in 1908. The city has a highly mixed population, representing the cultural diversity of Nigeria. These people include the Hausas, Gwabyi, Nupe, Fulani, Ibo, Yoruba, Kamuku, Dakarkari, Kanuri, Tiv and many others. It has such interesting activities as Sallah day festivals, Christian celebrations and cultural festivals. There are also literary activities almost daily. One of its resident novelists is Usman Balarabe Aliyu. he has written books that well desbribe the physical features of Minna and the life experience of its people, in such stories as Gone Missing, Eye for Order, A Widow's dew and Beyond Guilt. Part or or all of this text stems from the original article at: Usman Aliyu ::::::::::: Nnewi Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see i Situated in the south eastern part of Nigeria Nnewi is home to the Head of state of the defunct Biafra sessionist republic. Made up of about 3 million in habitants, this historic city is the domicile of many industrious and creative Igbo business men and women who come here from all parts of Nigeria to settle and do business. With about forty medium scale industries, Nnewi is popularly nick-named Japan of Africa since virtually all motor and motorcycle parts of all brands can be repaired or reconstructed in this city. This homestead of the first Nigeria millionaire business man, is also a place where christians and moslems co-habit in peace. In the midst of the bustle and hussles of of this commercial nerve centre East of the Niger river, there are places of quiet relaxation and tourism eg. Spring waters, Streams, Hotels, and exotic Restaurants reputed for African hospitality. :::::::Oshogbo Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Oshogbo is the art capital of Nigeria. The city is filled with Art studios that produce some of Africa's most inspiring works of art. This is a perfect place to buy yourself. The Oja Oba market is a good place to shop for souvenirs, especially if you are into Juju. The market is accross the street from the Oba's palace. Another highlight of Oshogbo is the sacred forest, on the outskirts of town, where an Austrian lady, Suzanne Wenger, has been restoring traditional Yoruba shrines. __________Sights Edit This The Best Internet Cafe in Oshogbo is DALINKSRIDE CYBERCAFE Located Directly Opposite Government House Annexe, Oke Fia, Iwo-Ibadan Road, Oshogbo. ::::::::Owerri Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see A Hotel In Owerri (Owerri Hotel Plaza) 2 A Hotel In Owerri (Owerri Hotel Plaza) 2 Owerri Hotel Plaza Owerri is a city in south eastern Nigeria. It is the capital of Imo State, in the heart of the Igboland. ::::::Port Harcourt Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Toki Hotels Port Harcourt Toki Hotels Port Harcourt Captain Gogo The Garden City as it is known because of its array of Parks and gardens is the capital of Rivers State and the centre of the oil industry in Nigeria. Even though it did not exist before 1913, there are two historic parts nearby which were connected formerly with slave trade - Bonny and Brass - which are now oil terminals. _________Sights Edit This [Add Sight] Rivers State Integrated Cultural Centre Edit This type: general World66 rating: [rate it] The Rivers State museum Edit This type: general World66 rating: [rate it] The Golf Course. Edit This type: general World66 rating: [rate it] __________Practical Information Edit This www.phcityonline.com is an online city portal for Port Harcourt; it is supposed to have a complete guide for visitors to Port harcourt with information like where to shop, hotels, bars, cafes, night clubs , fast food joints, hospitals, etc even News , events, PH Models, Expats Guide etc. Any pratical information you want to know about PH is there. We have started uploading our site and it shall be completed soon. Enjoy your stay in Port harcourt. ::::::::Sokoto Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Sokoto is one of the biggest cities in the north of Nigeria. It is the capital of Sokoto state. The Sultan of Sokoto still holds quite some power and is seen as an important religious figure. His palace can be visited, but it takes some time to arrange this. :::::::::Warri Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Swimming Pool in Mega Hilton Swimming Pool in Mega Hilton John odey Warri is one of Nigeria's oldest riverine towns. It is situated on the banks of the Lower Niger delta which is presently a part of Delta State. The town is is located roughly halfway between Lagos and Port harcourt. It is an important sea port and a very busy town. The town is very popular amongst Nigerians as an oil-producing town. Most of the foreign and indigenous oil companies operating in Nigeria have offices in Warri. Shell, Chevron and Agip take active part in the Crude Oil exploitation activities going on in this southern town. Warri residents are very industrious and accommodating but the present negligence of most of Nigeria's oil-producing areas has virtually turned Warri into a violence-prone area. There is a lot of ethnic violence and political tensions in the town. Visitors should be very objective and careful too. The major ethnic groups in the town are the Urhobos, Itsekiris, Ijaws,and Ibuzos (igbo-speaking ethnic group in Delta State). Indigenes of Warri are popularly referred to as Wafis. There are more women than men in this town. The major occupations here are fishing, canoeing and some sheep farming. Amongst other things Delta state is blessed with a Petroleum Training Institute (PTI) at Effurum (not far from Warri), and the Aladja Steel Complex. _________Sights Edit This Oil and Gas [Add Sight] Delta Steel Complex Edit This The Delta Steel Complex is situated at Ovwian Aladja, about 15 miles from Warri. Going by road is between 20min - 40 min, but about 5 minutes ride on a speed boat from Ogbe-ijaw Market. I explored the beautiful village of Ovwian - a rusty boat yard, A jetty with locally constructed wooden ferries, scores of speed boat taxis, market women & traders going to and from market & "mammy-wagon" like wooden boats ment for longer journeys, a Berger "Bush Bar", a village hotel etc. You can see more at urhoboland.com type: Palaces World66 rating: [rate it] :::::::::Yankari Game Reserve Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see photo Yankari National Park is a very beautiful place to visit. For me, it has been the highlight of my visits to West Africa. The Wikki Warm Springs is one of nature's amuzement. It is unbelievable how crystal clear and warm the water is. The wildlife in the park is interesting too. I have seen some of Africa's greatest animals, elephants, lions, hippos, monkeys, antelopes, lizzards etc. Its worth a visit if one ever decided to visit Nigeria but remember to be self sufficient. :::::::::::Zuma Rock Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Zuma Rock from the Abuja-Kaduna Road Zuma Rock from the Abuja-Kaduna Road Andy Waite Zuma Rock is located just off the main road from Abuja to Kaduna. This means you can see it either as a daytrip from Abuja, or on your way up north. The rock is pretty impressive and people are starting to put up some touristic infrastructure around it, but there is a long way to go. |
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GNU Free Documentation License Esso utilizza materiale tratto da http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria Cronologia/Autori: http://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigeria&action=history NigeriaDa Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.
La Nigeria è un paese dell'Africa Occidentale. Confina con il Benin ad ovest, il Ciad e il Camerun ad est, il Niger a nord e il Golfo di Guinea a sud. Le principali città includono la capitale Abuja, la precedente capitale Lagos, Abeokuta, Ibadan, Port Harcourt, Kano, Kaduna, Jos, e Benin City.
[modifica] Storia
L'Impero di Kanem-Bornu vicino al Lago Chad dominò la Nigeria settentrionale per oltre 600 anni, prosperando come un terminale del commercio nord-sud tra i Berberi del Nord Africa e le popolazioni delle foreste. Nel XVIII secolo gli stati hausa, a base cittadina, erano sotto il controllo dei Fulani, solo in parte islamizzati. Contro i loro corrotti costumi si levò la predicazione di Usuman dan Fodio, anch'egli un fulani. Dopo alterne vicende, nel 1804, egli riuscì a vincere e a fondare un unico stato hausa che alla sua morte lasciò diviso tra il fratello (la parte occidentale con capitale Sokoto) ed il figlio. Il territorio hausa, cioè dove la lingua hausa è parlata come prima lingua, si estende anche alla parte meridionale del Niger, dove gli Hausa sono maggioritari. Sia i regni di Oyo nel sud-ovest che il Benin nel sud-est svilupparono elaborati sistemi di organizzazione politica nel XV, XVI e XVII secolo. I regni di Ife e di Benin ci hanno lasciato apprezzati prodotti artistici in avorio, legno, bronzo e ottone. Tra il XVII e il XIX secolo i viaggiatori e commercianti Europei fondarono città portuali per implementare la crescente tratta degli schiavi destinati alle Americhe. Materie prime e prodotti finiti sostituirono il commercio degli schiavi durante il XIX secolo. La Royal Niger Company fu fondata dal governo del Regno Unito nel 1886. La Nigeria divenne un protettorato britannico nel 1901, e colonia nel 1914. In risposta al crescente nazionalismo nigeriano che seguì la fine della Seconda guerra Mondiale, I britannici guidarono la colonia verso l'autogoverno su base federale. Alla Nigeria fu concessa la completa indipendenza il 1 ottobre 1960, come una federazione di tre regioni, ognuna delle quali manteneva in misura sostanziale un margine di autogoverno. Nel 1966, due colpi di stato consecutivi messi in atto da due gruppi differenti di ufficiali militari portarono il paese sotto il controllo dei militari. I leaders del secondo golpe cercarono di accrescere i poteri del governo federale, e rimpiazzarono i governi regionali con 12 governi statali. Gli Igbo, il gruppo etnico dominante nella regione orientale, dichiararono l'indipendenza della Repubblica del Biafra nel 1967, il che portò ad una sanguinosa guerra civile che si concluse con la loro sconfitta nel 1970. Nel 1975, un colpo di stato senza spargimento di sangue portò al potere Murtala Ramat Mohammed, che promise un rapido ritorno ad un governo civile del paese. Comunque, venne ucciso durante un tentativo fallito di colpo di stato, e gli successe il capo del suo staff, Olusegun Obasanjo. Una nuova costituzione venne ridisegnata nel 1977, e nel 1979 si tennero nuove elezioni, sostanzialmente democratiche, vinte da Shehu Shagari. La Nigeria ricadde sotto governo militare nel 1983, dopo un colpo di stato che istituì il Consiglio Militare Supremo come nuovo organo di governo del paese. Dopo che le elezioni del 1993 vennero cancellate dal governo militare, il Generale Sani Abacha prese il potere. Quando, nel 1998, morì improvvisamente Abdulsalami Abubakar divenne leader del CMS, ora conosciuto come Consiglio Governante Provvisorio. Riconfermò l'autorità della costituzione del 1979 e, nel 1999, la Nigeria elesse Olusegun Obasanjo alla carica di Presidente Federale nelle prime elezioni libere che si tenevano in 16 anni. Obsanjo e il suo partito sono riusciti inoltre a farsi riconfermare vincendo le turbolente elezioni del 2003. Nel mese di febbraio 2006 il movimento per l'emancipazione del Delta [Mend], ha compiuto diversi attacchi a strutture petrolifere della regione, sia contro gli oleodotti che contro le piattaforme della Shell e dell'Agip, che sono culminati con il sequestro di tecnici stranieri (soprattutto italiani) che lavorano in quelle piattaforme. Il movimento chiede che le ricchezze petrolifere vengano distribuite alla popolazione.
[modifica] Politica
La Nigeria è una Repubblica Federale composta da 36 stati più il Territorio della Capitale Federale di Abuja. [modifica] Stati
La Nigeria è divisa in 36 stati e 1 territorio. Ogni stato elegge il proprio Governatore che nomina un Consiglio Esecutivo, e un Parlamento dell'assemblea unicamerale. [modifica] Geografia
La Nigeria si trova nel Golfo di Guinea, nell'Africa Occidentale. Le città principali sono concentrate nelle pianure del sud. La parte centrale del paese è formata da colline e altipiani. Il nord è prevalentemente occupato da pianure aride. I paesi confinanti sono Benin, Niger, Chad e Camerun. Circa un terzo del paese nel sud è occupato da boschi e foreste, ed è caratterizzato da abbondanti piogge stagionali portate dai venti atlantici nel periodo che va da giugno a settembre. Spostandosi verso il nord del paese, il paesaggio diventa progressivamente più arido e la vegetazione si avvicina sempre più a quella tipica della savana. Un terzo circa del paese a nord è occupato da regioni semiaride, il cosiddetto sahel, mentre la zona di confine con il Niger è già da considerarsi parte del deserto del Sahara. La Nigeria è approssimativamente divisa in queste tre regioni dai fiumi Niger e Benue, che percorrono il paese da nord-est a sud-ovest, per poi confluire al centro del paese, non lontano dalla nuova capitale federale Abuja. A questo punto i due fiumi uniti scorrono verso sud in direzione dell'oceano atlantico, al cui incontro creano il delta del Niger. [modifica] Città
[modifica] Economia
L'economia Nigeriana, ricca grazie al petrolio ma dipendente da esso, per lungo tempo intralciata dall'instabilità politica, dalla corruzione e dalle carenze nella gestione delle politiche macroeconomiche, sta ora subendo sostanziali riforme da parte della nuova amministrazione civile sostituitasi ai governi militari. I precedenti governanti (militari) della Nigeria non hanno perseguito la via della diversificazione dell'economia che resta quindi dipendente dal settore petrolifero, che fornisce il 20% del Pil, il 95% delle esportazioni (in valore), e approssimativamente il 65% delle entrate statali. Il settore agricolo rimane caratterizzato prevalentemente da una agricoltura di sussistenza che non ha potuto far fronte alle necessità di una popolazione in rapida crescita; di conseguenza la Nigeria, che precedentemente era un grande esportatore netto di prodotti alimentari, ne è diventata ora un importatore. Le risorse minerarie includono, oltre al petrolio, carbone e stagno. I principali prodotti agricoli sono olio di palma, cocco, agrumi, mais, cassava, yam e canna da zucchero [modifica] Demografia
Lo stato più popoloso dell'Africa, in Nigeria abita approssimativamente un quinto della popolazione dell'Africa intera. Nonostante meno del 25% dei Nigeriani viva in un'area urbana, all'incirca 24 città hanno più di 100,000 abitanti. La grande varietà di costumi, lingue e tradizioni tra i 250 gruppi etnici nigeriani danno al paese una ricca diversità. Il gruppo etnico dominante nel nord è quello degli Hausa-Fulani, la maggioranza dei quali è di religione islamica. Altri gruppi etnici maggiori del nord sono i Nupe, i Tiv, e i Kanuri. La popolazione Yoruba è predominante nel sud. Oltre la metà degli Yoruba è di religione Cristiana e circa un quarto islamica, mentre la parte restante segue le religioni animiste tradizionali. Gli Igbo, in maggioranza cristiani, sono il gruppo etnico di maggioranza nel sud-est. I Cattolici di rito Romano sono predominanti, ma grande seguito hanno anche la Chiesa Anglicana, Pentecostale e altri culti Evangelici. In questa zona vivono anche numerose comunità di Efik, Ibibio/Annang, e Ijaw (il quarto gruppo etnico per numero del paese). La lingua di comunicazione utilizzata tra persone di etnie diverse è l'inglese, prevalentemente in una versione semplificata detta comunemente Broken English o Pidgin English. Molti nigeriani, oltre alla lingua della propria etnia, ne conoscono spesso almeno una seconda. Hausa, Yoruba, e Igbo sono le lingue Nigeriane usate più largamente. Negli anni recenti si è assistito a frequenti scontri fra gruppi Cristiani e Islamici, particolarmente nel nord del paese dove, dopo vari pressioni, la legge islamica o Sharia è stata introdotta nell'ordinamento di numerosi stati. Gli sforzi dell'Organizzazione mondiale della sanità per sradicare a livello mondiale la poliomielite sono stati in parte vanificati dal caos politico del paese. Nel nord della Nigeria, infatti, ha avuto luogo circa metà dei casi documentati di polio a livello mondiale nel 2003, ma i capi religiosi Musulmani hanno ripetutamente inveito contro le vaccinazioni, scambiandole e facendole passare per un tentativo dei paesi occidentali per sterilizzare le giovani ragazze Musulmane Nigeriane. Il programma nazionale di vaccinazioni venne sospeso in molti stati del nord nell'agosto del 2003, e i casi sono quasi quintuplicati (119 casi nel primo trimestre del 2004, contro i 24 nell'intero 2003). In maggio 2004, partendo dal nord della Nigeria, vari casi di polio sono stati segnalati anche in una serie di nazioni africane confinanti dove la poliomielite era stata precedentemente debellata totalmente con successo. Il 18 di maggio 2004, lo stato di Kano ha acconsentito a riprendere il programma di vaccinazioni, utilizzando però solo vaccini prodotti in Indonesia, e non quelli prodotti negli USA.
[modifica] Arte
[modifica] Collegamenti esterni
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