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Questo articolo è rilasciato sotto i termini della
GNU Free Documentation License Esso utilizza materiale tratto da http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giamaica Cronologia/Autori: http://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giamaica&action=history GiamaicaDa Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.
La Giamaica è uno stato e un'isola delle Grandi Antille, lunga 240 chilometri e profonda 80, situata nel Mar dei Caraibi. È a 630 chilometri dal continente centramericano, a 150 chilometri da Cuba a nord e a 180 chilometri dall'isola di Hispaniola, sulla quale si trovano Haiti e la Repubblica Dominicana, a est. Gli indigeni Taino di lingua Arawakan chiamarono l'isola Xaymaca, che vuol dire o la "terra delle primavere" o la "Terra del legno e dell'acqua". La Giamaica, già possedimento spagnolo noto col nome di Santiago, è poi diventata possedimento dell'Impero britannico nelle Indie Occidentali di Giamaica. La popolazione del paese è composta principalmente da discendenti di ex schiavi africani. È il terzo paese anglofono più popoloso delle Americhe, dopo gli Stati Uniti e il Canada.
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StoriaI ceppi Arawak o Taino originari del Sud America si stabilirono per la prima volta sull'isola tra il 1000 e il 400 a.C. Sebbene alcuni studi indichino che la loro scomparsa risale al contatto con gli europei, altri studiosi sostengono che a questo contatto alcuni indigeni siano sopravvissuti. La Giamaica fu rivendicata dalla Spagna dopo il primo sbarco di Cristoforo Colombo sull'isola nel 1494. Colombo la utilizzava come uno stato privato appartenente alla sua famiglia. L'ammiraglio britannico William Penn (padre di William Penn di Pennsylvania) e il Generale Venables si impadronirono dell'isola nel 1655. Durante i suoi primi 200 anni di dominio britannico, la Giamaica divenne la prima nazione al mondo per le esportazioni di zucchero e produsse oltre 77.000 tonnellate di zucchero ogni anno tra il 1820 e il 1824, risultato raggiunto attraverso l'uso massiccio del lavoro degli schiavi importati dall'Africa. All'inzio del XIX secolo la consistente importazione di schiavi da parte del Regno Unito ebbe l'effetto di aumentare la popolazione dei neri, che superarono i bianchi con un rapporto di 20 a 1, il che provocò costanti minacce di rivolta. In seguito a una serie di ribellioni la schiavitù fu formalmente abolita nel 1834, con la completa emancipazione dalla schiavitù dei beni mobili che fu dichiarata nel 1838. La Giamaica guadagnò progressivamente la sua indipendenza dal Regno Unito e nel 1958 divenne una provincia della Federazione delle Indie Occidentali, un organismo che comprendeva tutte le Indie Occidentali Britanniche. La Giamaica ottenne piena indipendenza staccandosi dalla Federazione delle Indie Occidentali e dal Regno Unito il 6 agosto 1962. Ciononostante, l'iniziale ottimismo susseguente all'indipendenza per il decennio successivo sparì quando la Giamaica divenne vittima del sistema economico internazionale. La crescita del debito estero sotto il governo di Michael Manley, determinato ad alleviare le condizioni di grave iniquità economica della Giamaica, portò all'imposizione delle misure di austerità del FMI. Il peggioramento delle condizioni economiche e il coinvolgimento della CIA a causa del socialismo internazionale di Manley e alla sua amicizia con Fidel Castro portarono a una disperata campagna totale di rielezione tra il Partito Nazionale del Popolo di Manley e il principale partito di opposizione, il Partito Laburista Giamaicano. Entrambi i partiti politici divennero collusi con bande rivali debitamente armate di Kingston. Questa politica, insieme al crescente stato di emergenza dovuto al fatto che la Giamaica era un centro di smistamento della cocaina durante gli anni '80 condusse a frequenti episodi di violenza e servì solo ad impoverire ulteriormente un'ampia parte della popolazione giamaicana. Il risultato più estremo di questa spirale di violenza, droga e povertà fu la brutale guerra di sparatorie che si verificò per le strade di Kingston a partire dalla metà degli anni '90 in poi. Nella circostanza le forze di polizia giamaicane sono state accusate di complicità in questa feroce zona dell'isola. Tuttavia si deve notare che le zone rurali dell'isola, specialmente località di ritrovo di Negril, Montego Bay e Ocho Rios, rimangono piuttosto sicure. Le ex capitali della Giamaica includono Port Royal, dove esercitò il potere il pirata Governatore Morgan, e che fu distrutta da una tempesta e da un terremoto, e Spanish Town, nel distretto di Saint Catherine, la vecchia capitale coloniale spagnola e la capitale inglese durante il XVIII e il XIX secolo.
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| Jamaica Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Bloody Bay, Negril Bloody Bay, Negril Jamaica is one of the bigger islands in the Caribbean. When you say Jamaica you immediately think of Bob Marley, Rum and Bobsleighing. Kingston the capital city is the first place many business travelers arrive. It is located on the South coast of the island. The city offers world class business hotels, upscale shopping and top entertainment and dining. The main tourist areas are on the northwest of the island because of the better beaches. Montego Bay is probably the best known beach resort, further to the west Negril is also a good option with low rise rural hotels and high rise palm trees. Ocho Rios and Port Antonio offer great opportunities to go hiking in the hills. If you want to go even higher you should head for Mandeville, located at 2000 feet above sea level. Jamaica has a wealth of fascinating historical sites, including an astounding collection of 19th century churches built for local residents and free slaves. In addition, there are many old 17th century forts and great houses, some restored to museum quality and others in still accessible ruinous condition. For more information, see the "Jamaica National Heritage Trust" website (not accessible directly from this page). Rental cars are widely available, and small airlines offer commuter services to most parts of the island. ___________Sights Edit This Kingston Jamaica Hotel Altamont Court Situated in the heart of New Kingston, Jamaica, the Conde' Nast Traveler-recommended Altamont Court Hotel is a social,entertainment and economic hub. __________History Edit This Jamaica became a British colony in the early 1600's and remained so until independence in 1962. It became a parliamentary democracy within the Commonwealth of Nations. A Prime Minister leads the party with the most number of seats in the Parliament in Kingston. Queen Elizabeth II remains head of state represented by the Governor General. _______Practical Information Edit This Currency The local currency is the Jamaican Dollar (JMD) _____Getting Around Edit This Intra-island flights can be a quick way to travel between Montego Bay Kingston Negril Ocho Rios and Port Antonio. Helicopters can also be chartered for scenic rides or for personalized tours but this will dig a deep hole in your rum money. Jamaica's bus 'system ' while comprehensive is the epitome of chaos: timetables don't really exist and buses are often literally overflowing. Buses and minibuses do service virtually every village in the country though so if you're getting out and about you're sure to use them. The upside is that they're inexpensive and a great way to meet the locals. Whether you find traveling by bus fun frustrating freaky or infuriating depends on your frame of mind. Numerous local and international operators rent cars and motorcycles. Road conditions vary from excellent to awful driver temperament varies from merely impatient to flagrantly suicidal. Expect to be honked at sworn at and swerved around...stay calm and stay cautious and if you do 'mash up ' don't be drawn into an argument with an emotional Jamaican driver. Very few Jamaicans have bicycles but you can rent bikes in towns of any size. If bringing your own bicycle from home carry as many spares as you can. _______Getting There Edit This Kingston Jamaica Hotel Altamont Court Situated in the heart of New Kingston, Jamaica, the Conde' Nast Traveler-recommended Altamont Court Hotel is a social,entertainment and economic hub. ___________Economy Edit This Economy—overview: Key sectors in this island economy are bauxite (alumina and bauxite account for more thorts) and tourism. Since assuming office in 1992 Prime Minister PATTmost peamlined tax scheand privatized government enterprises. Continnetary and fiscal policies have helped slow inflation and stabilize the exchange rate but have resulted in the slow-down of erowth .5% in 195. was in negative growth (-1.4%) and remained so i97. Serious problem include: high interest rates; increased foreign competitionnanndition of business in general resulting in rships od downsizings of companies; the shifttment portfolios to non-productive short-term high yield instruments; a pressured sometimes slidina widening mercse trade deficit; and a growing ent bailouts to varectors of the economy. Jamaica's proill depend upon encouraging investment in the productive sectors maintaining a competitive exate stabilizing thent and implementing proper fiscal and monetary policies. GDP: purchasing power parity— $11.3 billion (2004 est.) GDP—real growth rate: -1.9% (2004 est.) GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity—$4, 100 (2004 est.) GDP—composition by sector: agriculture: 6.1% industry: 32.7% services: 61.3% (2004 est.) Inflation rate—consumer price index: 12.4% (2004 est.) Labor force: total: 1.14 million (2004 est.) by occupation: agriculture 20.1%, industry 16.6%, services 63.4% (2003) Unemployment rate: 15% (2004 est.) Budget: revenues: $2.793 billion expenditures: $3.157 billion, including capital expenditures of $236 million (2004 est.) Industries: ourism, bauxite/alumina, textiles, agro processing, wearing apparel, light manufactures, rum, cement, metal, paper, chemical products, telecommunicationss Industrial production growth rate: -2% (2000 est.) Electricity—capacity: 1.182 million kW (1995) Electricity—production: 6.289 billion kWh (2002) Electricity—consumption per capita: 5.849 billion kWh (2002) Agriculture—products: sugarcane, bananas, coffee, citrus, yams, vegetables, poultry, goats, milk, crustaceans, and mollusks Exports: total value: $1.679 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.) commodities: alumina, bauxite, sugar, bananas, rum, coffee, yams, beverages, chemicals, wearing apparel, mineral fuels partners: US 17.4%, Canada 14.8%, France 13%, China 10.5%, UK 8.7%, Netherlands 7.5%, Norway 6%, Germany 5.9% (2004) Imports: total value: $3.624 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.) commodities: food and other consumer goods, industrial supplies, fuel, parts and accessories of capital goods, machinery and transport equipment, construction materials partners: US 38.7%, Trinidad and Tobago 13.2%, France 5.6%, Japan 4.7% (2004) Debt—external: $5.964 billion (2004 est.) Economic aid: recipient: $16 million (2003) Currency: 1 Jamaican dollar (J$) = 100 cents Exchange rates: Jamaican dollars (J$) per US$1—361.197 (2004), 57.741 (2003), 48.416 (2002), 45.996 (2001), 42.986 (2000) 6.051 (November 1997) 37.120 (1996) 35.142 (1995) 33.086 (1994) 24.949 (1993) Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March Part or or all of this text stems from the original article at: http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/jm.html Contributors October 20, 2005 change by gathrawn ___________Health Before setting off, you might want to check the illnesses described below that occur here. The information is from the CDC and should be pretty accurate, but if you really think you have something, go see a doctor. If you're not sure where to find good medical attention, check with a the nearest international hotel, they are usually in the know (though the facilities they refer to might charge you a little bit more) Rabies A dangerous and possible deadly disease, can be contracted from a wild animal to a human w/ a single bite. Please when visiting do not touch animals that do not seem tamed. :::::::::Cockpit country Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see The Cockpit Country is an area of rugged terrain located in central Jamaica. The area spans almost five parishes, however is predominantly ib the parish of Trelawny. The Cockpit ares is the classic of kerst topography in the world. An expansive are of limestons, the area has succumbed to regular dissolution by rain water as well as the collapse of weathered limestone. As a consequence the area bears resemblance to an inverted egg tray with a multitude of towere karsts bordered by sagging valleys. The area is rippled with caves and underground rivers and springs, another defining feature of the landscape. The physical appearence of the area makes for a very picturesque landsacpe and a difficult hiking trail. The Cockpit Country boasts a high level of endimism and biodiversity. It is home to several species of Jamaica's endemic flora and fauna. It is the last refuge of the Giant Swallowtail butterfly, the largest of its kind in the Americas. Many of the plants have been lauded for their medicinal purposes and are said to hold the key to the cure of several diseases. The Cockpit Country is home to the Maroons, a set of indigenous people who had defeated the British in the 18th century and claimed their right to freedom and the land. The Maroons are known for their independence and rich legacy as freedom fighters in Jamaica. They are also credited as being the pioneers of Jamaica's famous jerk. They are hospitable and friendly and very eager to share their way of life. Part or or all of this text stems from the original article at: Author ::::::::Kingston Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see New Kingston, Jamaica New Kingston, Jamaica Kingston's city life is among the best - and the worst - in the Caribbean. There are excellent restaurants, first class hotels and great shopping deals - try the Chelsea Galleries or the Sovereign Shopping Centre. The downtown streets are lined with hordes of street vendors known as "higglers". They have a style of commerce that is as uncomfortable as it is unwelcome. Downtown Kingston is not a shopper's paradise! However, the uptown and New Kingston areas offer a rather pleasant shopping experience with numerous shopping malls. The city has a few excellent museums, such as Devon House, the National Gallery, or the Arawak museum. Bob Marley fans are in luck. Kingston has the one and only Bob Marley Museum (Bob Marley was a Reggae legend who died of cancer at 36). Much of Jamaica seems to follow Bob's lifestyle, and the deadly influence of drugs on daily life has really been detrimental to the look and feel of certain parts of Kingston over the last 25 years. Kingston is also the home of the Jamaica Campus of the University of the West Indies. It is the main academic campus of the UWI and home to much of the University's academic faculties. Some UC regulars may see visitors from abroad as 'oppressahs', so North American and European travellers can expect vigorous and unpleasant verbal dustups with local academics! In the harbour you can visit Fort Charles, one of about 24 forts that protected Jamaica against invaders since 1655 during the era of colonisation. Port Royal is the former pirate hangout, now restored as yacht moorage and, naturally, a bar. Historians will love the many historical sites in Kingston which have been restored by the Jamaica National Heritage Trust. The "greens" might say that Castleton Botanical Gardens, Hope Botanical Gardens and the Caymanas Park are the lungs of the city. In truth, all of Jamaica is an explosion of botanical wonders. Castleton is a wonderland of flowers and shrubs, Caymanas has horse racing on Wednesday, Saturday and holidays. There are no decent beaches in Kingston; the nearest being Hellshire Beach (1/2-hr SW of Kingston). World class cricket matches occur in Kingston, and there's lots of good football (soccer), too. Jamaica made it to the World Cup in 1998 in France, but was knocked out in the early stages of the compeition. Live outdoor theatre is especially entertaining. There are few reggae concerts in the metropolitan area. However, there are numerous reggae concerts, mostly dancehall reggae, in various parts of the country throughout the year. The dancing is excellent. The churches are filled with awesome voices on Sunday. :::::::::May Pen Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see photo_4 May Pen is the capital and largest town in the parish of Clarendon in the county of Middlesex, Jamaica. It is located on the Rio Minho river, and is a major market centre. The population is estimated at around 60,000. The town has a Mayor and a long standing Member of Parliament. May Pen was established as a plantation settlement by the British between 1660 and 1683 on a crossing point of the Rio Minho River. May Pen is now said to be the fastest growing rural town close to Kingston. It is well located from an administrative point of view in the centre of a largely agricultural parish, and as a midpoint on the Kingston to Manchester road. May Pen is also an important citrus packing centre, famous for 'Trout Hall' oranges. The Denbigh agricultural showground is a short distance from May Pen. It is the birthplace of reggae and ska legend Fredrick "Toots" Hibbert frontman of Toots and the Maytals. Like everywhere in Jamaica, the history is endlessly fascinating. There are old churches and great houses. Car racing enthusiasts will love the racing at Vernam field. May Pen has a number of Internet Cafes. Visitors and residents in May Pen who need the services of a professional internet cafe can have all their business needs met at Raycos Internet Cafe located at 2 West Park Avenue off the Glenmuir Main Road or Telephone 1-876-986-7322. :::::::Montego bay Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Doctors Cave Beach Doctors Cave Beach FotoDOTbiz If you have come to Jamaica to relax a bit, Montego Bay is the place to head for first. Montego Bay is the second largest city in Jamaica. It is the gateway to tourist activity on the north coast. MoBay has a small international airport served by many US and Canadian carriers. Local Jamaican commuter airlines connect MoBay with Kingston, Negril, Ocho Rios and other regional airports The city sits in a bay with mountains rising in the background. It is a hub of shopping and dining and the beaches are lined with all-inclusive resorts. There is an old-town, with restored 18th century remnants. There is also an odorific public market (wear washable footwear). The beach-front is just on the north edge of town near the airport; Doctor's Cave Beach is a clean, private beach (open to the public for a small fee). It's relatively peaceful and clean - worth the modest price of admission. There's a lot of history around Montego Bay. Many old estates have ties to the distant past. Usually the great houses of the estates will have names ending in "Hall". Rose Hall, for example, is an outstanding relic of colonial times with a fascinating and detailed history of dark rumour and intrigue. Regular tours during the week provide lots of opportunity to immerse one's self in 18th century history. The history of Jamaica is a lot more than "a bunch of Englishmen captured some Africans and kidnapped them to Jamaica for brutal living". The story of Annie Palmer, the mistress of Rose Hall, is not easily forgotten! Part or or all of this text stems from the original article at: hoserjoe ______Sights Edit This [Add Sight] Greenwood Great House Edit This Considered one of the finest and best restored of the former plantation homes. The house belonged to the Barrett family of which Elizabeth Barrett Browning is a descendent. The house is filled with antiques, paintings, rare books, and furniture from the 1800s. type: general World66 rating: [rate it] Rose Hall Great House Edit This Visit the legendary home of the infamous Annie Palmer. The "White Witch" of Jamaica. She is reported to have killed several unlucky husbands and brutalized her slaves until she herself was murdered. People swear they see her suffering ghost roaming the property. Beautifully restored and worth the visit. type: general World66 rating: [rate it] __________Day Trips Edit This [Add Day Trip] {Falmouth} Edit This 18th century port town, this is worth a quick walking tour to see the historical buildings. The Good Hope Great House is located nearby. type: general World66 rating: [rate it] Runaway Bay Edit This Is now a growing tourist area. This is the spot that the Spanish "ran away" to Cuba when the British invaded the island. type: general World66 rating: [rate it] Discovery Bay Edit This Site of Columbus' landing in 1494, this is where you will find Columbus Park which is an open-air museum containing a wide range of historical artifacts and information on the area. type: general World66 rating: [rate it] ::::::::::::Negril Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Inside SurfnTalk Negril Internet Cafe Inside SurfnTalk Negril Internet Cafe CEO - SurfnTalk Negril In the early 1970's, Negril was a two-lane paved road that ran approximately 100 yards inland from two white coral sand beaches. There was a small village at the south end of this road, with little encampments of hippies enjoying the modest hospitality of the locals - and the endless supply of "herb". Others liked to lolligag about in an alcoholic fog since the rum was excellent quality, and very cheap. The swimming was fabulous. The only concern was the sea urchins which were like nasty underwater porcupines. They don't move, and they're easy to see. There were endless buffet-style meals for only a few dollars, curry goat, lobster (cray fish), and jerk pork. The long paved road from the village ran north to Green Island, home to the most of the Jamaican workers in Negril. The road was straight enough to land an airplane on, which was why there were lengths of railroad track standing on end along the side of the road - to discourage drug smugglers from landing on the road to pick up cheap cargos of "herb". __________Getting There Edit This [Add Global transport mode] GezB Edit This Make arrangements before you come for a driver to pick you up at the airport. It is very confusing when you arrive and there will be a zillion people offering you rides (not recommended to take them up on it). Best to just have your hotel arrange it for you. The drive to Negril was probably the most expensive part of the trip. $50 each way. Its over an hour away (maybe 2?), but you see a lot of the country and our driver was great--we chatted the whole way. He even stopped for patties & red stripes halfway to Negril because we couldn't wait anymore (and to make a more.. type: By Road World66 rating: [rate it] ___________Beaches Edit This i_2 I was in Negril with my son last month and Captain Mike's Glass Bottom boat was a pleasant surprise. Two brothers (Captain Mike is the older one and I believe Ricky was the younger one's name) own Captain Mike's. I paid $30 (US) for us to go out to what some call Cat Island and to go to the coral reefs. They anchored while my son swam with another vacationing couple and fed the fish underwater. We also booked a personal, early morning boat tour ($60 US) of the cliffs the next morning... They gave us an almost 1.5 hour boat tour of the cliffs. (It was one adult and one child, so the pricing may be different for 2 adults.) Very professional crew they were. Look for Mike and Ricky clad in bright yellow shorts and the green and yellow boat and you'll know it's Captain Mike's. Enjoy! ___________Bars and Cafes Edit This Sunset Ali's Bar Sunset Ali's Bar Gez B Ali's Bar An Archetypal Caribbean Paradise bar-grass roof, fairy lights and cold Red Stripe! Situated right on 7 Mile Beach in Negril (about ¾ mile from “ Down Town ” Negril) in between Mom’s Place & Coconut International Restaurant Recently taken over and managed by a young guy (called Ali…interestingly enough!) who has worked hard to make this a really sociable place to hang out and relax. Besides the cold Red Stripe, there’s a selection of Rums, a great cocktail list, including his very own “Ali Special, combined with “2 for 1” deals, Happy Hour, free bar snacks and an eclectic mix of music-which he’s happy to change to something “more your style” A really friendly and sociable place to hang out, sit on one of the bar stools and just chat! From the bar you’ve got a ring side seat of some of the most beautiful sunsets you ever wish to see (see Sunset in Negril photo in the Photo Gallery) Watching the sunset with a cocktail in hand is really the only way to do it. Once visited you’ll definitely be back…the place to make new friends or meet up with old ones. Contributors March 26, 2007 change by gezb [Add Bar] Charming Beach Bar in Negril Edit This Two of the friendliest, as well as efficient barmaids, are Maxine and Shawn at the bar/cafe called Firefly Pancake House. This small bar is located right on the beach south of Margaritaville, and a little south of Chances. Known mostly just as Firefly bar, it is becoming well known for the pancakes with various fruits, and a special one, 'Debbie's Vermont Pancakes', based on the personal recipe of Debbie who has stayed in one of the Firefly cottages every year since more.. World66 rating: [rate it] accessibility: Easy , right on beachfront tel: 9574358 address: Norman Manley Boulevard ::::::::::Bars and Cafes Edit This Sunset Ali's Bar Sunset Ali's Bar Gez B Ali's Bar An Archetypal Caribbean Paradise bar-grass roof, fairy lights and cold Red Stripe! Situated right on 7 Mile Beach in Negril (about ¾ mile from “ Down Town ” Negril) in between Mom’s Place & Coconut International Restaurant Recently taken over and managed by a young guy (called Ali…interestingly enough!) who has worked hard to make this a really sociable place to hang out and relax. Besides the cold Red Stripe, there’s a selection of Rums, a great cocktail list, including his very own “Ali Special, combined with “2 for 1” deals, Happy Hour, free bar snacks and an eclectic mix of music-which he’s happy to change to something “more your style” A really friendly and sociable place to hang out, sit on one of the bar stools and just chat! From the bar you’ve got a ring side seat of some of the most beautiful sunsets you ever wish to see (see Sunset in Negril photo in the Photo Gallery) Watching the sunset with a cocktail in hand is really the only way to do it. Once visited you’ll definitely be back…the place to make new friends or meet up with old ones. Contributors March 26, 2007 change by gezb [Add Bar] Charming Beach Bar in Negril Edit This Two of the friendliest, as well as efficient barmaids, are Maxine and Shawn at the bar/cafe called Firefly Pancake House. This small bar is located right on the beach south of Margaritaville, and a little south of Chances. Known mostly just as Firefly bar, it is becoming well known for the pancakes with various fruits, and a special one, 'Debbie's Vermont Pancakes', based on the personal recipe of Debbie who has stayed in one of the Firefly cottages every year since more.. World66 rating: [rate it] accessibility: Easy , right on beachfront tel: 9574358 address: Norman Manley Boulevard |