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| Medio Oriente |
| Arabia Saudita | Bahrain | Iran | Iraq |
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| Iraq |
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| Iraq Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see One of Hewler (Erbil) cafe's One of Hewler (Erbil) cafe's Ferid KURDI (feridkurdi@hotmail.com) Iraq is the country of Mesopotamia or Land Between the Rivers in classical times. Anyone travelling in these lands should read about the many civilizations that have passed through here. As a minimum be prepared on Sumer, Babylon, Assur, Persians, Greeks, Romans and finally Arabs. You will find many hundreds of ruins of cities everywhere you go. It has a subtropical climate, with a tendency in direction of continental climate in the north. Iraq is very dependent on water from Tigris and Euphrates, as there is little rain falling here except during the rainy season. The west and south is mostly stone desert. The country became known as Iraq in the 7th century. It’s the land were paradise allegedly once was. The region's extensive alluvial plains gave rise to the world's earliest civilizations, though in recent times it was not all that civilized. The modern Iraq was created in the aftermath of World War I and gained independence in 1932. Since then there was war on Iran, Syria, and most recently the invasion of Kuwait that led to the Gulf War. Internally the country has known violent uprising of Kurdish minorities answered by bloody suppression. After the monarchy was overthrown in 1958 there was a period of political instability with coups and countercoups until Saddam Hussein seized power in the 70s. Iraq used to be one of the world's leading oil producers. In recent decades a steady cash flow generated by the black gold was the engine behind ambitious building projects and development programs and to build one of the largest and most powerful armies in the Middle East. Its strength was demonstrated during the Iran-Iraq War (1980-88) and in the 1990 invasion of Kuwait. Everyone that has seen the images of missiles and bombs falling on the capital Baghdad will understand that this is not a holiday destination for the mentally sane. Economy has been totally disrupted by the war and reconstruction is slow. Tension between insurgents and coalition troops are still high. Theoretically there’s the possibility to cross the northern borders from Turkey or Jordan, but the ongoing struggle for Kurdish independence also makes this area hazardous. There are few commercial flights to Baghdad and the borders to Iran, Syria, Saudi Arabia and of course Kuwait are closed off. Should it become easier to visit Iraq then the highlights of your visit would include Mosul in the north, with the big Assyrian cities of Ninevah and Nimrod close by, Baghdad , the capital, Karbala and An najaf just south of Baghdad, with the tombs of Ali and Husain, two very important Shiite religious leaders and Basra in the south. Iraq is the dream of any historian and archeolog. For the west, its where it all began. All those small hills you see on the highway, those are Tells, the ruins of ancient cities. __________History Edit This IRAQ A REPUBLIC since the 1958 coup d'etat that ended the reign of King Faisal II became a sovereign independent state in 1932. Although the modern state the Republic of Iraq is quite young the history of the land and its people dates back more than 5 000 years. Indeed Iraq contains the world's richest known archaeological sites. Here in ancient Mesopotamia (the land between the rivers) the first civilization--that of Sumer-- appeared in the Near East. Despite the millennium separating the two epochs Iraqi history displays a continuity shaped by adaptation to the ebbings and flowings of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (in Arabic the Dijlis and Furat respectively). Allowed to flow unchecked the rivers wrought destruction in terrible floods that inundated whole towns. When the rivers were controlled by irrigation dikes and other waterworks the land became extremely fertile. The dual nature of the Tigris and the Euphrates--their potential to be destructive or productive--has resulted in two distinct legacies found throughout Iraqi history. On the one hand Mesopotamia's plentiful water resources and lush river valleys allowed for the production of surplus food that served as the basis for the civilizing trend begun at Sumer and preserved by rulers such as Hammurabi (1792-1750 B.C.) Cyrus (550-530 B.C.) Darius (520-485 B.C.) Alexander (336-323 B.C.) and the Abbasids (750-1258). The ancient cities of Sumer Babylon and Assyria all were located in what is now Iraq. Surplus food production and joint irrigation and flood control efforts facilitated the growth of a powerful and expanding state. Mesopotamia could also be an extremely threatening environment however driving its peoples to seek security from the vicissitudes of nature. Throughout Iraqi history various groups have formed autonomous self-contained social units. Allegiance to ancient religious deities at Ur and Eridu membership in the Shiat Ali (or party of Ali the small group of followers that supported Ali ibn Abu Talib as rightful leader of the Islamic community in the seventh century) residence in the asnaf (guilds) or the mahallat (city quarters) of Baghdad under the Ottoman Turks membership in one of a multitude of tribes--such efforts to build autonomous security-providing structures have exerted a powerful centrifugal force on Iraqi culture. Two other factors that have inhibited political centralization are the absence of stone and Iraq's geographic location as the eastern flank of the Arab world. For much of Iraqi history the lack of stone has severely hindered the building of roads. As a result many parts of the country have remained beyond government control. Also because it borders nonArab Turkey and Iran and because of the great agricultural potential of its river valley Iraq has attracted waves of ethnically diverse migrations. Although this influx of people has enriched Iraqi culture it also has disrupted the country's internal balance and has led to deep-seated schisms. Throughout Iraqi history the conflict between political fragmentation and centralization has been reflected in the struggles among tribes and cities for the food-producing flatlands of the river valleys. When a central power neglected to keep the waterworks in repair land fell into disuse and tribes attacked settled peoples for precious and scarce agricultural commodities. For nearly 600 years between the collapse of the Abbasid Empire in the thirteenth century and the waning years of the Ottoman era in the late nineteenth century government authority was tenuous and tribal Iraq was in effect autonomous. At the beginning of the twentieth century Iraq's disconnected and often antagonistic ethnic religious and tribal social groups professed little or no allegiance to the central government. As a result the all-consuming concern of contemporary Iraqi history has been the forging of a nation-state out of this diverse and conflict-ridden social structure and the concomitant transformation of parochial loyalties both tribal and ethnic into a national identity. Beginning in the middle of the nineteenth century the tanzimat reforms (an administrative and legal reorganization of the Ottoman Empire) the emergence of private property and the tying of Iraq to the world capitalist market severely altered Iraq's social structure. Tribal shaykhs (see Glossary) traditionally had provided both spiritual leadership and tribal security. Land reform and increasing links with the West transformed many shaykhs into profit-seeking landlords whose tribesmen became impoverished sharecroppers. Moreover as Western economic penetration increased the products of Iraq's once-prosperous craftsmen were displaced by machine-made British textiles. During the twentieth century as the power of tribal Iraq waned Baghdad benefited from the rise of a centralized governmental apparatus a burgeoning bureaucracy increased educational opportunities and the growth of the oil industry. The transformation of the urban-tribal balance resulted in a massive rural-to-urban migration. The disruption of existing parochial loyalties and the rise of new class relations based on economics fueled frequent tribal rebellions and urban uprisings during much of the twentieth century. Iraq's social fabric was in the throes of a destabilizing transition in the first half of the twentieth century. At the same time because of its foreign roots the Iraqi political system suffered from a severe legitimacy crisis. Beginning with its League of Nations Mandate in 1920 the British government had laid out the institutional framework for Iraqi government and politics. Iraq became a British Protectorate. Britain imposed a Hashimite (also seen as Hashemite) monarchy defined the territorial limits of Iraq with little correspondence to natural frontiers or traditional tribal and ethnic settlements and influenced the writing of a constitution and the structure of parliament. Full independence was granted to Iraq by Britain in 1932. The British also supported narrowly based groups--such as the tribal shaykhs--over the growing urban-based nationalist movement and resorted to military force when British interests were threatened as in the 1941 Rashid Ali coup. Between 1918 and 1958 British policy in Iraq had farreaching effects. The majority of Iraqis were divorced from the political process and the process itself failed to develop procedures for resolving internal conflicts other than rule by decree and the frequent use of repressive measures. Also because the formative experiences of Iraq's post-1958 political leadership centered around clandestine opposition activity decision making and government activity in general have been veiled in secrecy. Furthermore because the country lacks deeply rooted national political institutions political power frequently has been monopolized by a small elite the members of which are often bound by close family or tribal ties. Between the overthrow of the monarchy in 1958 and the emergence of Saddam Husayn in the mid-1970s Iraqi history was a chronicle of conspiracies coups countercoups and fierce Kurdish uprisings. Beginning in 1975 however with the signing of the Algiers Agreement--an agreement between Saddam Husayn and the shah of Iran that effectively ended Iranian military support for the Kurds in Iraq--Saddam Husayn was able to bring Iraq an unprecedented period of stability. He effectively used rising oil revenues to fund large-scale development projects to increase public sector employment and significantly to improve education and health care. This tied increasing numbers of Iraqis to the ruling Baath (Arab Socialist Resurrection) Party. As a result for the first time in contemporary Iraqi history an Iraqi leader successfully forged a national identity out of Iraq's diverse social structure. Saddam Husayn's achievements and Iraq's general prosperity however did not survive long. In September 1980 Iraqi troops crossed the border into Iran embroiling the country in a costly war (see fig. 1 ). Data as of May 1988 Source: Library of congress _________Economy Edit This Economy—overview: The Ba'thist regime engages in extensive central planning and management of industrial production and foreign trade while leaving some small-scale industry and services and most agriculture to private enterprise. The economy has been dominated by the oil sector which has traditionally provided about 95% of foreign exchange earnings. In the 1980s financial problems caused by massive expenditures in the eight-year war with Iran and damage to oil export facilities by Iran led the government to implement austerity measures and to borrow heavily and later reschedule foreign debt payments; Iraq suffered economic losses of at least $100 billion from the war. After the end of hostilities in 1988 oil exports gradually increased with the construction of new pipelines and restoration of damaged facilities. Agricultural development remained hampered by labor shortages salinization and dislocations caused by previous land reform and collectivization programs. The industrial sector although accorded high priority by the government also was under financial constraints. Iraq's seizure of Kuwait in August 1990 subsequent international economic embargoes and military action by an international coalition beginning in January 1991 drastically changed the economic picture. The UN-sponsored economic embargo has reduced exports and imports and has contributed to the sharp rise in prices. The Iraqi Government has been unwilling to abide by UN resolutions so that the economic embargo could be removed. The government's policies of supporting large military and internal security forces and of allocating resources to key supporters of the regime have exacerbated shortages. Industrial and transportation facilities which suffered severe damage have been partially restored. At current prices oil exports are about one-third of their prewar level because of the implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 986—the UN's oil-for-goods program—in December 1996. Shortages of spare parts continue. In accord with the oil-for-goods deal Iraq is allowed to export $2 billion worth of oil in exchange for badly needed food and medicine. The first oil was pumped in December 1996 and the first supplies of food and medicine arrived in April 1997. Per capita output for 1995-97 and living standards are well below the 1989-90 level but any estimates have a wide range of error. GDP: purchasing power parity—$42.8 billion (1997 est.) GDP—real growth rate: 0% (1997 est.) GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity—$2 000 (1997 est.) GDP—composition by sector: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA% Inflation rate—consumer price index: NA% Labor force: total: 4.4 million (1989) by occupation: services 48% agriculture 30% industry 22% note: severe labor shortage; expatriate labor force was about 1 600 000 (July 1990); since then it has declined substantially Unemployment rate: NA% Budget: revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA including capital expenditures of $NA Industries: petroleum chemicals textiles construction materials food processing Industrial production growth rate: NA% Electricity—capacity: 6.83 million kW (1996) Electricity—production: 31.8 billion kWh (1996) Electricity—consumption per capita: 1 362 kWh (1996 est.) Agriculture—products: wheat barley rice vegetables dates other fruit cotton; cattle sheep Exports: $NA commodities: crude oil partners: Jordan Turkey (1996) Imports: $NA commodities: manufactures food partners: France Turkey Jordan Vietnam Australia (1996) Debt—external: very heavy relative to GDP but amount unknown (1996) Economic aid: recipient: ODA $NA Currency: 1 Iraqi dinar (ID) = 1 000 fils Exchange rates: Iraqi dinars (ID) per US$1—0.3109 (fixed official rate since 1982); black market rate—Iraqi dinars (ID) per US$1—1 530 (December 1997) 3 000 (December 1995); subject to wide fluctuations Fiscal year: calendar year ____________People Edit This Population: 21 722 287 (July 1998 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 44% (male 4 865 820; female 4 711 791) 15-64 years: 53% (male 5 794 336; female 5 662 163) 65 years and over: 3% (male 320 672; female 367 505) (July 1998 est.) Population growth rate: 3.2% (1998 est.) Birth rate: 38.58 births/1 000 population (1998 est.) Death rate: 6.57 deaths/1 000 population (1998 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1 000 population (1998 est.) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female (1998 est.) Infant mortality rate: 62.41 deaths/1 000 live births (1998 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 66.52 years male: 65.54 years female: 67.56 years (1998 est.) Total fertility rate: 5.23 children born/woman (1998 est.) Nationality: noun: Iraqi(s) adjective: Iraqi Ethnic groups: Arab 75%-80% Kurdish 15%-20% Turkoman Assyrian or other 5% Religions: Muslim 97% (Shi'a 60%-65% Sunni 32%-37%) Christian or other 3% Languages: Arabic Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions) Assyrian Armenian Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 58% male: 70.7% female: 45% (1995 est.) :::::::::Baghdad Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see i_3 The name of Baghdad used to evoke images of Arabian Nights, Harems and Sultans. Since the Gulf War most people think of war, destruction and Saddam Hussein. Both images are more or less correct Baghdad has had its fair share of warfare in its long history. The fairytale city it once was, capital of the Abbaside Caliphate, was destroyed by the Mongol invaders in 1258. Baghdad did recover but it never regained the supremacy over the Middle East again. There are still a lot of impressive monuments in Baghdad. The Mustansiriyah School, the Abbasid Palace, Khan Murjan and the Al-Khadhimain Mosque are worth a visit. There are also a few good Museums, especially the Iraqi museum should not be missed. :::::::::::An najaf Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see photo An Najaf is one of the highlights for shiites touring the Iraq. The shrine of Ali with a golden dome that can be seen from 40 km on a clear day. For more tombs, head for Wadi es Salaam, a big graveyard with 'streets', winding through the countless brick and cement tombs, some modest, some the size of small mosque-shrines. Some are gaily painted pink or green; some display photographs of the dead: turbaned graybeards or bright-eyed youngsters with proud moustaches and hair in fashionable quiffs. Finally you might want to visit the al Yazdi Medresa, a Coranic school with seventy rooms, immensely deep cellars and brick-lined wells that plummet down some one hundred feet. Young divines with beards, cropped hair, skullcaps or turbans, sit about, read, or wash their faces, feet and arms before praying. They are pale from studying away from the sun; many of them come from Afghanistan or Iran! :::::::::An nasiriyah Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see jalal H jalal H iraq/nasiriyah Located in Southeast Iraq, on the Euphrates River, an Nasariyah is a provincial capital andthe center of a date-growing region. Founded in 1870, the city was captured by the British in 1915. The main reason to visit is because the city is a good base for visiting the nearby ruins of Ur. East of Nasariyah the marshes begin. Made famous by "the Marsh Arabs" of Wilfred Thesiger, the area is now in pretty bad shape and the main reason to visit is probably best described as "Eco-disaster tourism". Government water control projects have drained most of the inhabited marsh areas by drying up or diverting the feeder streams and rivers; a once sizable population of Shi'a Muslims, who have inhabited these areas for thousands of years has been displaced. :::::::Arbil Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Hewler International Hotel Added by: Ferid KURDI (feridkurdi@hotmail.com) Hewler International Hotel Added by: Ferid KURDI (feridkurdi@hotmail.com) City of Arbil Arbil is a beautiful, safe City often called Hawler. It has many naturalresources and a historic and deeply rooted cultural tradition.Arbil, the capital of the federal Kurdistan Region, is situated approximately 350 kilometers north of Baghdad. Lying on a flat, rich and fertile plain between two rivers, the Great Zab and the Small Zab, it is one of the oldest cities in the world. The name Arbil is mentioned in the holy writings of the Sumerians (circa 2000 BC) as Orblum or Urbilum, and also features in the Babylonian and Assyrian texts as Arba-Elu. The Kurdish name Hawler is derived from ancient times and may refer to the many historic buildings, castles, and minarets to be found in the city. Arbil has been the center of culture, education and trade in the region, due to its central location at the cross-roads of caravan routes allowing it to serve as a link between trade centers. The climate of Arbil is hot in summer, and cold and snowy in winter. The land is good for growing wheat, barley and cotton, while Arbil province is renowned for its animal husbandry, particularly cattle. ________Al Sulaymaniah Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Large city in Kurdistan/ Northern Iraq.Sulaymaniyah [variants: Sulamaniya, Sulaimaniya, Sulaimanieh, Sulaimania], a city in northern Iraq with approximately 500,000- 750,000 inhabitants, is the region's second-largest city.Al Sulaimanyah Northern Iraq has been independent of Saddam (and guarded by U.S. and British patrols) since the Kurdish uprising that followed the Gulf war in 1991. The Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) administers Sulaymaniyah, and its rival, the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), controls Irbil and Dohuk, Part or or all of this text stems from the original article at: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/sulaymaniyah.htm ::::::::::Assur Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Assur is an old city in northern Iraq. It was the first capital of the Assyrian empire before Nineveh was created. Orginally Assur was the name of the Assyrian God Assur or Ashur, the same name became to be the name of the Assyrians and their God. ::::::Babylon Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see lion_of_babylon lion_of_babylon The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were one of the seven wonders of the world and the name Babylon still brings to mind images of past glory. Today there are ruins to visit, but you need some imagination or serious archealogical interest to really enjoy them. Still, it gives me a special feeling to walk around in Babylon. The Ishtar Gate was constructed in about 575 BC by order of King Nebuchadnezzar II on the north side of the city,and is Dedicated to the Assyrian goddess Ishtar. Basra Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Iraq-anah_minaret-Basra Iraq-anah_minaret-Basra Iraq's second largest city and main seaport, Basra is situated in the south of Iraq, some 130k m from the Gulf and 550 km south-east of Baghdad. The city was originally built as a military base by Caliph Omar during his expedition against the Shah of Persia. It developed soon to become an important departure point for Arab trading ships sailing to the Far East - Sinbad the Sailor always left from Basra. Today Basra consists of three main areas: Ashar, which is the old commercial centre, including the Corniche and the bazaars, Margil, which includes the port and modern residential areas and Basra proper, which is the old residential area, with many old-style houses. One of the major attractions is the Basra Museum. It contains Sumerian, Babylonian and Islamic objects. The Museum for Martyrs of the Persian Aggression, containing displays relating to the sufferings of the ordinary people of Basra during the Iran-Iraq War, is interesting as well - because it gives some inside in how the Iraqi government displays its own history. The main Bazaar is found in the Ashar district. It is full of old houses with balconies leaning over into the narrow streets and beautiful wooden facades in the style of old Arab architecture. Since the gulf war the Bazar is not as lively as it once was. :::::::::::Karbala Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see photo Karbala is loacted in central Iraq, roughly speaking about halfway between Baghdad and An najaf. It is one of the holiest places of Shia Islam and major place of pilgrimage. The Mosque where Husain, the son of Ali, the first Muslim after Muhammad, is buried is the main attraction for religious and non-religious visitors alike. The big golden dome and the three minarets can be seen from afar. :::::::::Kirkuk Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Travel in this region is extremely unsafe!! Even the military will not leave the base installation without full body armor and up-armored vehicles. Due to the Oil and mixture of ethnic groups, there is a war within a war. The people of the city just can't seem to get along!! There is one city that comes to the top of my mind, Sulaymaniyah, that is, however, generally a safe place to be. Known for it's natural beauty in landscape and generous shopping oppertunities, it's a favorite vacation place for the locals. Often frequented on holidays. I cannot stress enough, Kirkuk Province is NOT the place to vacation to. In the years to come it definately holds potential, but one can never be too careful. NOTE: The city itself is a prime location of car bomb attacks, especailly on Iraqi Police Stations. ::::::::Mosul Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Mosul is Iraq's third largest city and sometimes described as the Pearl of the North. Your first impresison of Mosul from the south may not be that positive. The buildings are modern and have a utilitarian look. But once you get to the river, the old houses that still stand on the water's edge and the parks you can start appreciating the place. You can see minarets and church spires and domes above the rooftops. This area has a mixed christian and muslim population One of the main tourist sights is a church: Chamoun al Safa dates from the thirteenth century. It has a deep underground courtyard and a cemetery between high walls containing some ornate tombstones of Moslawi merchants. Another Christian monument is the Syrian Orthodox Church of Ma Toma (St, Thomas). It is lavishly, even gaudily, decorated although from the outside it looks rather dull. On one wall, you see a small illuminated and lass-fronted pigeon-hole in which are displayed the relics of St. Thomas. The oldest mosque is the Al Kabir, the Great Mosque, built in beginning of the 10-th century by Nur-ad-Din esh Shahid. Next door is a fine brick minaret that leans like the Tower of Pisa. It is all that is left of an Ommayad mosque from 640 AD. ::::::Nimrod Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Nimrod is the name of Assyria's second capital. The site lies about 37 km south-east of Mosul, on the eastern bank of the River Tigris, just south of Ninevah another major archeological site. It was first designated as the Assyrian capital by Ashurnasirpal II in 879BC and was known as Kalhu (mentioned in Genesis as Calah). Later, with the accession of King Sargon II it was replaced by Khorsabad as the new capital in about 720BC. In 612BC it was destroyed by the Medes of Northern Persia, at the same time as the fall of Nineveh. Nimrod was excavated by the British under Henry A. Layard, and subsequent excavations by Sir Max Mallowen discovered vast palaces of the Assyrian kings. The most impressive of these is that of King Ashurasirpal II, the city's founding monarch. Impressive statuary at the palace entrance shows two hawk-winged lions with human heads, in the well-known Assyrian style. :::::::::Ninevah Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Ninevah from the Air 2005 Ninevah from the Air 2005 CW3 Jonathan Maynard Nineveh is mentioned in the bible in the book of Jonah. It is described as a very powerful city, whose people live in sin. It was the third capital of Assyria dating from the reign of Sennacherib (704-681BC)and was one of the most powerful cities of the Middle East, the hub of the civilised ancient world. Its downfall came in 612BC, when it was sacked by the Medes of Northern Persia. About the sinfulness of the population little is known with certainty. The walls of Nineveh were 12km in circumference and were set with fifteen gates, each of which was named after an Assyrian god. Some of these gates have been reconstructed, notably the Shamash and Nergal gates. It was first excavated by the French and later by the British, and is noted for its colossal palace, its library, its statuary and its prehistoric pottery. There is a small museum near the Nergal gate, which displays some Assyrian relief carvings. The ancient city of Nineveh is situated just outside Mosul on the east bank of the River Tigris. ::::::::Tikrit Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Area of Iraq where hardcore Saddam loyalists take pot shots at scared Ohio reservists. Wear a moustache and learn Arabic before going near the place. ::::::Ur Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Palace Ruins Palace Ruins Stephen Ruggiero Ur of the Chaldees is mentioned in the Bible as the birthplace of Abraham and it was the capital of the ancient civilisation of Sumeria. This archaeological site was first excavated in 1922-34 by Sir Leonard Woolley. The excavations are located near the town of Nasiriya, which is the best place from where to arrange a visit. In former days the city stood on the banks of the Euphrates, but the river has changed its course. The earliest buildings date from 4000 BC, and there is an impressive ziqqurat (pyramid-shaped tower), as well as some royal tombs in a good state of preservation. These tombs are thought to date from about 2600-2000 BC. It is one of the most impressive archaeological remains in Iraq. Babylon means "The gate of God". Part or or all of this text stems from the original article at: Sue ella |
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GNU Free Documentation License Esso utilizza materiale tratto da http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq Estratto da " Estratto da "http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq Cronologia: http://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=history IraqDa Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.
L'Iraq (talvolta anche Irak) è uno stato dell'Asia. Confina con Turchia a nord, Arabia Saudita e Kuwait a sud, Siria a nordovest, Giordania a ovest e Iran verso est. Discende dall'antica Mesopotamia. La capitale e la città più grande è Baghdad. Il presidente è stato per circa 25 anni Saddam Hussein, dal 9 aprile 2003 l'Iraq è stato un protettorato militare americano, e dal gennaio 2005 un governo locale di transizione sta gestendo la nazione. Possiede le seconde riserve di petrolio mondiali.
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Storia
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Politica
Il 15 dicembre 2005 si svolgono le elezioni per il Parlamento (i dati ufficiali saranno resi noti il 20 gennaio 2006) che vedono vincere il partito sciita dell'Alleanza Irachena Unita (128 seggi su 275 in totale), seguito dal partito curdo Coalizione del Kurdistan (53 seggi). Al terzo posto il partito che vede riuniti i tre principali gruppi politici sunniti Fronte dell'Accordo (Tawafuk) Iracheno (44 seggi). Altri seggi vanno a Lista Nazionale Irachena (25)m Fronte Nazionale del dialogo (11), Unione Islamica Curda (5), Blocco della Riconciliazione e Liberazione (3), Risalyoon (2), Partito Patriottico Rafidain (1), Fronte dell'Iraq Turkmeno (1), Mithal al-Alusi (1), Movimento Yazidi (1).
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Province
L'Iraq è divisa in 18 province (muhafazat, singolare - muhafazah):
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Geografia
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Economia
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Demografia
Popolazione in migliaia. Dati FAOSTAT 2004
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Cultura
Negli ultimi mille anni, tutto ciò che ora si considera iracheno deriva in realtà da cinque aree culturali: Quella curda nel nord, con centro ad Arbil; quella degli arabi islamici sunniti nella regione centrale attorno a Baghdad; quella degli arabi islamici shi'a nel sud, con centro a Basra; quella assira, prevalentemente cristiana, sparsa in varie città del nord; e quella degli arabi della palude, un popolo nomade che vive nelle terre paludose del fiume centrale. I mercati cittadini, e la negoziazione del prezzo dei beni, sono la forma comune di commercio.
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MusicaL'Iraq è musicalmente conosciuto soprattutto per uno strumento chiamato oud (simile ad un liuto) e per il rebab (simile ad un violino); i più noti musicisti che utilizzano questi strumenti sono rispettivamente Ahmed Mukhtar e l'assiro Munir Bashir. Fino alla caduta di Saddam Hussein, l'emittente radiofonica più popolare era la Voce della Gioventù. Trasmetteva un mix di rock occidentale, hip hop e musica pop, tutto importato attraverso il Giordana a causa delle sanzioni economiche internazionali. Tra i più popolari vi erano soprattutto i Corrs e i Westlife. L'Iraq produsse inoltre un'importante pop star pan-araba ora in esilio a Kazem al Saher, le cui canzoni includono "Ladghat E-Hayya", vietata per i suoi testi dal contenuto vivace.
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Voci correlate
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Collegamenti esterni
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