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| Krakow Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Cracow Cracow ... Krakow is one of the most beautiful cities in Europe. It was originally the home of the Polish royalty (between 1038 and 1596), before the capital was moved to Warsaw. Visiting Krakow is a refreshing break from much of European travel, where similar cities blend together, and the dominance of English might make you wonder if you ever left North America. The cobblestoned streets, majestic churches (almost 100 historical churches!), and old world charm make Krakow an unforgetable destination. Add to it the former Jewish district with its 7 synagogues, 3 gigantic Gothic churches and more than 800 of pubs huddled in beauteous nooks and alleyways where time slows down and you'd be coming back here as often as you can. Krakow is located in the south of Poland, about halfway from Warsaw and Prague and is a good place to break up your trip if you are traveling from one to the other. Krakow is now the third most popular tourist destination in central and eastern Europe, following Prague and Budapest. __________History Edit This Chapel at Wawel Castle Chapel at Wawel Castle Gosia The King's city Krakow - the former capital of Poland, monarch's residence, coronation and burial place of kings of Poland. Krakow is situated on Wisla river, just over 200 m a. s. l. in the south of Poland. According to a legend, the name "Krakow" comes from the name of a legendary Slavonic prince who founded a medieval city on a rocky hill, which mounts by Wisla riverbed. The first mention about Krakow is found in a record of journey of a merchant from Cordoba - Ibrahim Ibn Jacob in 965. The first traces of settlement date back to the period of several thousands of years ago. At the end of 10th century Krakow was incorporated into the Kingdom of Poland which was the ruled by a king of Piast dynasty. In the year 1000 a bishopri was established (it was subject to Gniezno metropolis). Gradually, Cracow was gaining prominence among Polish cities and in 11th century became the official of Poland. Tatar raids, particularly those in 1241 and 1242 inflicted great damage on the city - the contemporary ruler, king Boleslaw Wstydliwy was thus obliged to practically build the city anew and strengthen its fortifications. As a result, Krakow was endowed with municipal rights in 1257. In 14th century, Krakow became a coronation place and the King's necropolis. Under the rule of Kazimierz Wielki a generous patron of arts and sciences, the city develops and expands. During this period, two satellite cities Kazimierz and Kleparz were founded (at present they are districts of Krakow). In 1364, the King founds the Cracow Academy, which after Prague's is the second University in central Europe. The Academy develops quickly, particularly after receiving endowment from Queen Jadwiga and King Wladyslaw Jagiello. In 15th and 16th centuries, known as the Golden Age, Poland and Krakow flourish. Many artists and scholars settle in Krakow. It is there that the greatest sculptor of medieval times - Wit Stwosz - creates his masterpiece: the altar for St. Mary's church. The famous astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus pursues his studies at the Academy of Cracow. Splendid Italian architects: Francesco Fiorentino, Giovanni Padovano, Bartholomeo Berecci, Santi Gucci work there creating the renaissance image of the city. During the same period first painting houses are established. In 1609, king Zygmunt Waza the Third moves his residence to Warsaw, and since that time the importance of Krakow diminishes. In spite of the fact that Warsaw becomes the capital, Wawel Cathedral remains the coronation and sepulchral church of kings of Poland. Throughout the 18th century, Krakow was repeatedly besieged, conquered and pillaged by Swedish, Russian, Austria and Prussian armies. In 1795, when Poland lost independence, Krakow was incorporated into the Austrian domain. With the exception of periods of Grand Duchy of Warsaw (1809-1812) and of Cracow Republic (1815-1846), Krakow remained under the Habsburg rule till 1918. The relatively liberal Austrian regulations allowed for cultivation of Polish language, culture and custom. On the turn of 20th century an artistic vanguard, known by the name of Mloda Polska arose in Krakow. This new artistic movement was a true revolution against hitherto existing currents in art. From Krakow, the new ideas spread to other parts of the country. After regaining of independence by Poland, Krakow remains an important center of culture and sciences. New universities are established, industry develops. During the World War II, Krakow is the capital of General Government, and the Wawel castle becomes the residence of governor Hans Frank. The city was liberated by the Soviet army on 18th of Jan. 1945. After the liberation, the city, once again become a center of Polish culture and sciences. ___________Practical Information Edit This [Add Practical address] Practical tips from Mark Edit This I live here so I hope this Practical information helps. 1) Consider staying in apartments not just hotels, they can be found on the internet 2) Language: Any person under 25 in the city will speak English, for the most part. Also try this software www.claritaslux.com It uses visual association and teaches you the basics very fast. 3) Trolleys will get you anywhere you want in the city. You buy the tickets at the newsstands and cancel them when you enter, its for the most part more.. type: general World66 rating: [rate it] _____________Getting Around Edit This cafe on Bracka street cafe on Bracka street karol The easiest way of getting around Krakow's sights is by foot. Most of the "must-see"s inside the city are within easy strolling distance of each other, especially if you break up your journey by dropping into a bar or restaurant for a break. Public transport is cheap and efficient; the local operator is MPK (website, in Polish only, is http://www.mpk.krakow.pl) and tickets can be bought from shops and other locations. You can pay on the bus or tram, but it's more expensive - and remember that you must always stamp your ticket the first time you use it, to validate it. Day and longer period tickets ('Bilety czasowy') are sold; June 2005 prices were PLN10,40 for 24 hours, PLN18,80 for 48 hours and PLN25,00 for 72 hours. Useful trick for those of you arriving at Krakow's airport and catching the bus into town: if you buy your ticket from the bus driver, you'll get a single journey ticket for yourself at PLN 2,50 - but you'll have to pay another 2,50 for your suitcase or rucksack! If you go upstairs in the terminal building, you'll find a newsagents kiosk. Buy a 60 minute transfer ticket (PLN 3,10) and that covers both you and your luggage - and it allows you to change buses or trams within the 60 minutes... ____________-Getting There Edit This International airport Balice in Krakow has direct connections to Frankfurt, London, Paris, Rome, Wien and Zurich. International airport Okecie in Warszawa. Okecie has a direct connections to Amsterdam, Athens, Berlin, Brussels, Budapest, Chicago, Cologne, Copenhagen, Montreal, Moscow, New York, Oslo, Paris, Prague, Rome, Singapore, St. Petersburg, Split, Stockholm, Tel Aviv, Thessaloniki, Toronto, Vienna, Vilnius, Zagreb, Zurich, as well to some others airports. It is also possible to reach Krakow by an international train or bus from a lot of European cities. __________Christmas Edit This Christmas Christmas time is a very special time here. Both children and adults are looking forward impatiently to these days. Maybe it's because of presents or warm and familiar atmosphere. There should be a Christmas tree with a plenty of sweets, candles (usually electric ones) and some glass balls, in every house. The nicest day is the Christmas-Eve which ends with a traditional supper. We have a lot of traditions and beliefs applied to this day: animals are expected to talk, things you do this day will happen in coming new year (that's why you shouldn't do anything neither boring nor sad). With the first star in the sky we sit at the table. But it's not an ordinary meal... The table is covered by a white table-cloth and under it we put some hay. As is customary we prepare one plate more for an unexpected guest especially a homeless one. Before we start eating we break the wafer and we exchange good wishes. A Christmas-Eve traditional supper should have 12 dishes (as many as apostles were). The most traditional ones are: beetroot soup and ravioli with mushrooms, cabbage with beans, a sour soup with potatoes, fried carp, carp in jelly, mushroom soup, stewed dried fruits. After the supper everybody run runs to the tree to look for the presents. Then we sing Christmas carols waiting for the midnight mass. _____________Pubs, clubs and cafeterias Edit This CITY CENTRE Piwnica Pod Baranami Rynek Glowny 27 (18.00 - last guest) The most famous and strange cabaret. Everything is magic here. Nobody knows what time the performance will begin and who will play. There are also jazz concerts and poetry evenings. Jama Michalika Club Florianska 45 (9.00 - 22.00) The most famous artistic cafe in Poland. U Louisa Club Rynek Glowny 13 (11.00 - last guest) Cyber Cafe Pod Jaszczurami Club Rynek Glowny 8 (10.00 - last guest) Students club. Theatre. Mondays - all kind of concerts. Tuesdays - jazz concerts. Weekend - disco. Klub Kulturalny Szewska 25 (12.00 - 3.00) Roentgen Plac Szczepanski (17.00 - last guest) Rock concerts Jazz Rock Cafe Slawkowska 12 (16.00 - ) Nice place to dance. Harris Rynek (last guest) Jazz concerts. Cafe Cabaret Jablonowskich (10.00 - 23.00) You can eat here "Ruskie pierogi" - they're really good. Pozegnanie z Afryka ul.Tomasza You may taste here coffees from all over the world! Nice decoration! Great place to chat! The name of the cafe seems to be the Polish translation of title of American movie with Robert Redford or book by Karen Blixen. Lizak Pijarska 11 (14- last guest) New small lounge-club situated in the Old Town. Comfortable sofas, good music (nu jazz, soft club music, ambient) Good slection of liquers, photography exibitions, dj's occasionally on weekends. KAZIMIERZ (FORMER JEWISH DISTRICT) Alchemia corner of Estery/plac Nowy (12.00 - last guest) Most famous pub in Poland, featured every month in Warsaw's trendy mags, place to meet actors & businesspeople, listen to good life music, and have your pint Osmy Dzien Tygodnia ul. Podbrzezie - behind Tempel Synagogue (12.00 - last guest) Eighth Day of the Week is your choice for the true atmosphere ("klimat") of Kazimierz - life does slow down here, and the world becomes brighter. Singer Estery 20 (12.00 - 5.00) Go there late night, then the atmosphere is magic. Good music. Prices: beer, coffee, sandwich - about $1.00... something stronger - about $1.50-$2.00 Propaganda ul. Miodowa 20 (11am - last guest) This place is like a museum of communist kitsch. Expect to see tonnes of posters of Lenin, and as the title suggests plenty of old Soviet propaganda. It's a bit dark and moody, but the bar staff have a bone-dry wit. Just don't ask for water. club cien Jana 15 one of the most fasionable clubs in Krakow. Go here to see a young and beautiful crowd ___________A perfect day Edit This Krakow is such a city that is's a sin to spend here only one day but it would be much worse not to be here at all. Lets then take a short walk through. Sleep well to wake up happy and ready for an exciting day. Have you overslept ? Don't worry! A cup of coffee in a café at one of mediaeval streets around Rynek will surely set you on your feet. Then start your walk from Matejki square. A big monument with a man on a horse will help you to recognise it. It's a Polish king - Wladyslaw Jagiello. Passing by you must notice a round building called Barbakan. Then go through the Florianska gate where Florianska Street begins. Pass Florianska street to get to Rynek. Spend a few minutes just walking around. You can see there a long passage (Sukiennice) with small stalls , a monument of Mickiewicz (a famous Polish poet) which is usually a meeting place. A high gothic church you can notice nearby (Saint Mary's church) with wooden polyptych. OK. Enough. It's time to go further. Take the Grodzka Street and go straight ahead until you see a baroque church on the left - it's a Saint Peter and Paul church. Then turn right into Kanonicza Street. At the end of this a street Wawel Kings castle will appear. After visiting the castle you will surely be hungry. So lets go back to the centre to eat something. I propose to go through Planty (a kind of park with old big trees). __________Tours and Excursions Edit This [Add New] Wieliczka Salt Mine Edit This Only about 15 km East of Krakow you'll find historic underground chambers, shafts and caverns decorated with sculptures and carvings. It's the only site in the world where mining has continued since the Middle Ages. World66 rating: [rate it] address: Wieliczka near Krakow Nowa Huta Tour - Professional Communism Tour Edit This Nowa Huta - a huge industrial complex and steelworks - is a symbol of industrial Poland and resistance to communist rule. Your driver meets you at your hotel and takes you on the trail of history. On the Krakow Communist Tour we visit the key places where the dramatic events of the 20th century unfolded and hear some fascinating accounts of the communist era, discovering along the way the rather tragic history of the Polish state. Transportation in an authentic, Polish Syrena, Fiat 126p, Warszawa or Polonez Coupe. We have audio-systems in many languages: english, more.. World66 rating: [rate it] tel: +48 656 465 540 url: www.communismmtour.scom email: syyrenkakracow@o2.pl ____________Festivals Edit This Goetz Palace, Krakow, - One of many venues Goetz Palace, Krakow, - One of many venues David McGirr PHOTOMONTH IN KRAKOW Krakow , Poland `A photographic feast` Krakow ( Cracow ) Photomonth is fast becoming one of the main photography events in Europe , and deservedly so. Now in its 5th year the festival takes place during May in the beautiful city of Krakow , Southern Poland . Anyone making the journey to Krakow during May will not be disappointed by either the Photomonth festival or the city itself. It really is a must see. I am a regular visitor to Krakow and have been lucky enough to attend three festivals and have seen at first hand the festival go from strength to strength. The festival is now well established, supported by a number of big name sponsors, attracting exhibitions from renowned world famous photographers as well as encouraging young photographers. The festival has been well received and enjoys very favourable critical acclaim. The festival isn’t resting on its laurels, as it continues to be innovative, seeking to explore more performance exhibits and interesting venues whilst keeping a good balance of traditional and modern photography. Photomonth in Krakow 2007– basic facts: • 5th edition of the Festival • 45 exhibitions • 30 venues • 120 artists from 15 countries • 30 accompanying events (movies, workshops, lectures, portfolio reviews) • 70,000 visitors (300,000 including the outdoor exhibitions) • Special Guest country- Germany • Guest Curator – Mark Power / Magnum Agency • Festival Director – Tomasz Gutkowski Introduction The festival itself takes place during May in various locations across, Krakow, Poland. What I love about the festival is the diversity and the large number of exhibitions in imaginative and atmospheric locations. The festival will be one of the few opportunities to the enjoy the antique interiors and faded splendour of Goetz Palace in the former Okocim Brewery, as well as the former workshops of the”Emalia” (Enamel) Factory of Oscar Schindler made famous by Stephen Spielberg, locations which are normally closed to the public, private apartments as well as a host of enchanting cafes and galleries. Other more unusual presentations featured an exhibition within a large dome tent pitched within a room and pictures in the form of one of those photo flick books, which you flick through, hung on the tiles within the disused toilet cubicles. One of the galleries, the Camelot Gallery, which thanks to the efforts of its owner Weronika Lodzinska-Duda, is fast becoming one of Krakow’s most important photography galleries featuring a photographic library, reading room, and a photography shop. Camelot Gallery serves as the festival office. The festival consists of almost 50 individual and collective exhibitions. In addition, there are a number of associated events such as presentations of film and slides, documentary films, lectures, workshops, discussions, book launches and a bookshop, as well as portfolio reviews. Of course, there are many exhibition opening parties and concerts. There is also an extensive off programme list of events and exhibitions. Each year the festival features a special guest country which for 2007 was Germany . Last years festival featured Hungary and discussions are already taking place to finalise next years guest country. It is hoped to feature Japan in 2008, however time constraints make it more likely to be the Czech Republic next year followed by Japan in 2009. Time required to visit Krakow is a compact city and the vast majority of the locations can be visited on foot from the centre of the old town. That said, the festival programme suggests that visitors allow the following timescales:- All Exhibitions 4 days All Exhibitions, excluding off programme 3 days All Exhibitions, excluding off prog. and German Presentation 2 days I personally spread my visits over three weeks, but I am sure a long weekend would give a sufficiently rewarding taste of the main exhibitions as well as allowing time for the many tourist attractions in and around Krakow. The programme, which is free and available from the festival office as well as a number of venues across the city, provides a comprehensive guide including a detaile d location map showing the numerous venues. Costs The vast majority of the exhibitions are free, however a handful charge a nominal admission fee of between 2 – 8 zloty ( 30p - £1.30 ). (exchange rate currently 6zl - £1) The already reasonable admission costs can be reduced further by purchasing a Pass for 15 zloty, (£2.50). An excellent illustrated 200 plus page catalogue, in Polish and English, is also available for 35 zloty (£5.50) . Both the pass and catalogue can be purchased together for 45 zloty (£7). I think the prices and value for money is incredible for the quality of photography on display, the total cost would barely cover the entrance to a single major exhibition in the UK . The 2007 Photomonth in Krakow The appeal of the festival is in the quality and diversity of the photographers and the unique venues. The icing on the cake for 2007 was the inspired use of the atmospheric former workshops of Schindler’s factory to exhibit a number of works on the theme of military conflicts, under the title `Theatres of War`, as featured in a recent Guardian newspaper article. T he use of rented private apartments provided a more intimate alternative. The full 2007 programme is available on-line at www.photomonth.com, o r as a word document download. The main exhibitions for 2007 included the following `headliners` from the programme:- • August Sander (1876-1964) – `Face of our Time' , - A classic of German photography. His work "People of the 20th Century" presents a unique portrait of German society in the days of the Weimar Republic . Divided thematically according to the class membership of the individual subjects, as well as by their place of residence, the collection consists of over 800 photographs. • Tomas Agat Blonski – `We Are…` . Exhibition by a Slovakian photographer comprised of refined, large-format, hand-made, portrait prints of...chickens raised by the artist’s Polish family. The project questions the relation between identity and the very definition of portrait photography. • Jacob Aue Sobol - `Sabine’ . An unusually intimate documentation of the Danish photographer’s sojourn in Greenland , which unexpectedly for the artist became a love story without a happy ending. The project resulted in the publishing of a book that was nominated for the Deutsche Borse Photography Prize in 2005. • Adam Broomberg and Oliver Chanarin - `Ghetto’ . The result of many years of documentation of ghettos in their various forms and functions. The exhibition, produced especially for the festival, presents selected fragments from a broad range of materials. • Marek Gardulski - `The 54th Year’ . A cycle of 365 self-portraits taken every day of the year. • Aneta Grzeszykowska - `Portraits . The exhibition presents portraits of non-existent people generated entirely by computers. The illusion is so flawless that the faces seem familiar to the viewer. The artist plays skilfully with our expectations regarding photography. Other work entitled , `Plan` from this artist which I found very fascinating and unusual can be found on her website. • Martin Parr – `Autoportraits` . Series of self-portrait made by possible the most celebrated UK ’s contemporary photographer. • Anders Petersen - `Mental Hospital` . One of the most intriguing contemporary photographers presents a cycle of works dealing in an uncommonly personal way with the subject of the mentally handicapped. • PrzemysLaw Pokrycki - "The Rites of Passage”. Premiere exhibition by one of the most promising Polish artists of the younger generation. The project documents a cross-section of Polish families. Christenings and communions, weddings and funerals serve as occasions to reveal the variety and variability of perennial sacraments. 2007 Festival Highlights My personal highlights were:- August Sander – `Face of our Time` A wonderful selection of social portraits from Germany taken in 1929. This was a superb exhibition with powerful portraits of a variety of characters from all walks of life. Thomas Agat Blonski – `We are…` Portraits of chickens – I was honestly blown away by this, a collection of huge 3` x 2` poster prints of chickens and cockerels, each one showing its own personality in a way that seemed so obvious and natural. Photographs by a Slovakian photographer on the theme of individuals and identity The striking dramatic black and white images of traditional Indian wrestlers by Tomasz Gudzowaty , best known to the international public as a four-time winner of the World Press Photo competition, and his Hungarian colleague Judit Berekai , Who's close up portrait of an Indian boxer , was my personal highlight from the many exhibitions. Why Mister Why? A powerful multi-media projection of images by the Dutch photographer Geert van Kesteren taken in Iraq . The exhibition Why Mister Why?, featured projected images on several screens which were accompanied by interviews with American soldiers and Iraqi civilians, haunting, evocative sound effects and radio broadcasts from Baghdad. The location, within Schindler’s workshops, together with the audiovisual display had a huge impact which has stayed with mew till now. Portfolio Review Photographers are given the opportunity to take part in a Portfolio Review which is assessed by a panel of international photographers for a £25 fee. Visit the website, www.photomonth.com f or further information on the 2007 Festival. KRAKOW Budget flights make getting to Krakow cheap and easy, accommodation is available to suit all tastes and budgets, from hostels, beautiful private apartments to world class hotels, and importantly they are almost all very centrally located. The city itself is perfect for a weekend or short break as the central market square and old town layout make finding your way around very straightforward. Krakow has a wealth of photo opportunities at every turn, great food and lively cellar bars. There is a café culture where you can sit in the market square, people watch and enjoy temperatures of 30c plus in summer. For music lovers there are many live music and jazz clubs and a constant classical programme of events. Check out www.cracow-life.com for more information on the city. A city full of surprises, overflowing with culture, wonderful architecture and history. David McGirr ___________Things to do Edit This rental vehicle rental vehicle rentabike.pl The best idea to visit Krakow is to rent a bike. There is a lot of special bike trails in the city as well as beyond the town. [Add Activity] Ultimate Sports Edit This Rafting is a challenging sport that involves a white water raft and lots of muscle work while struggling with wild mountain rivers. We offer it combined with astonishing views of Dunajec river. type: Rafting World66 rating: [rate it] tel: - url: www.cracowonline.com address: Rynek Glowny 1 |
| Questo articolo è rilasciato sotto i termini della
GNU Free Documentation License Esso utilizza materiale tratto da http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w Cronologia/Autori: http://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cracovia&action=history CracoviaDa Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.
(Reindirizzamento da
Kraków)
Cracovia (in polacco Kraków, in tedesco Krakau, denominazione completa Królewskie Stołeczne Miasto Kraków - Città Reale Capitale di Cracovia) è una città (757.500 abitanti nel 2001) della Polonia, una delle più antiche ed estese dello stato. È situata a 214 m s.l.m., sulle due sponde del fiume Vistola, ai piedi della collina di Wawel, nell'area meridionale della Piccola Polonia (Małopolska). È capoluogo del relativo voivodato dal 1999; in precedenza è stata capoluogo del Voivodato di Cracovia fin dal XIV secolo. Inoltre è un grande centro commerciale e industriale (stoffe, pelli, macchine agricole, cartiere, editoria) e un importante nodo ferroviario. Cracovia è stata a lungo la capitale del paese, e a tutt'oggi rimane il suo principale centro culturale, artistico e universitario. Con più di sette milioni di visitatori ogni anno, è la principale meta turistica internazionale della Polonia.
[modifica] Cracovia oggiL'architettura gotica, rinascimentale e barocca della Città Vecchia (Stare Miasto) è mirabile testimone della lunga e gloriosa storia di Cracovia: al centro del nucleo medievale, conservatosi quasi completamente intatto, vi è la grande Piazza del Mercato (Rynek Głowny), attorno alla quale sorgono bellissimi palazzi dei secoli XVII e XVIII, alcuni dei quali di impronta veneta, la torre civica del Municipio, il grande Mercato dei Tessuti (Sukiennice) e soprattutto la chiesa di Santa Maria, del XIV secolo, con l'altare ligneo di Veit Stoss e l'alta torre da cui ogni ora viene suonata la celebre "chiamata a raccolta". Attorno alla Città Vecchia correva una possente cinta muraria completamente abbattuta, ad eccezione di un breve tratto superstite contiguo alla porta di San Floriano e al Barbacane, durante la dominazione austriaca. Sul suo antico tracciato oggi sorge il bellissimo giardino del Planty. L'altro nucleo storico di Cracovia sorge a sud della Città Vecchia, sulla collina di Wawel (residenza dei re di Polonia fino al XVII secolo), dove si trovano le più importanti vestigia: la chiesa dei Ss. Felice e Adaucto (IX secolo), il Castello con il cortile rinascimentale degli architetti fiorentini Francesco della Lora e Bartolomeo Berecci, la Cattedrale, che racchiude le tombe dei re polacchi a partire dal Trecento e la cappella funeraria del re Sigismondo I, d'impronta italiana al pari della chiesa barocca dei Santi Pietro e Paolo, la più bella dell'Europa centrale nel suo genere. Ad Oriente della Città Vecchia sorge il quartiere di Kazimierz, il centro della vita religiosa e sociale della Cracovia ebraica fino alla deportazione di massa della comunità locale avvenuta durante l'occupazione nazista. Cracovia ospita numerosi eventi artistici ogni anno, alcuni di risonanza internazionale, come il Festival dei Cortometraggi, la Biennale della Grafica, e il Festival della Cultura Ebraica. Vi sono inoltre numerosi teatri, tra cui:
Cracovia - La Piazza del Mercato
Altare ligneo di Veit Stoss
A Cracovia risiedono inoltre 28 tra musei e gallerie d'arte, come il Museo Nazionale (Cracovia) ed il Museo Czartoryski (Muzeum Czartoryskich). Nelle vicinanze le zone di interesse includono la miniera di sale in Wieliczka, i Monti Tatra, la città storica di Czestochowa, il campo di concentramento nazista di Auschwitz, e il Parco Nazionale di Ojcow. Cracovia è inoltre il centro principale per la formazione delle nuove classi dirigenti polacche. Ad oggi si contano 12 istituzioni di formazione universitaria, con circa 10000 corsi e 150 000 studenti. Famosi artisti moderni vivono a Cracovia, tra i quali vi sono:
[modifica] Quartieri storiciLe zone più antiche di Cracovia, unite alla fine del XVIII secolo sono
Le zone aggiunte nel diciannovesimo e ventesimo secolo includono:
[modifica] Distretti amministrativi
Cracovia - Il cortile del castello di Wawel
[modifica] Storia
Veduta sulla città vecchia
[modifica] MedioevoIl più antico insediamento presente nella zona della odierna Cracovia fu realizzato sulla collina di Wawel, e risale al IV secolo. La leggenda attribuisce la fondazione della città ad un mitico re Krak, che la stabilì sopra una grotta occupata da un vorace drago. Prima che esistesse lo stato polacco, Cracovia era la capitale della tribù dei Vistoliani, probabilmente legata alla politica della Moravia Superiore. La prima citazione di Cracovia nei documenti storici risale all'VIII secolo, nel quale si annotava che il principe dei Vistoliani era battezzato.
Cracovia
Dopo la distruzione della Moravia Superiore da parte degli Ungheresi, Cracovia divenne parte del regno di Boemia. Al termine del X secolo, la città era uno dei più grandi centri di scambio commerciale dell'area. In questo periodo fu assorbita nei possedimenti della Dinastia Piast polacca. Furono costruiti numerosi palazzi in muratura, tra cui un castello, chiese in stile romanico, una cattedrale, una basilica e la Chiesa di San Felix ed Adaukt. Nel 1038, Cracovia divenne la sede del governo polacco. Duecento anni dopo fu quasi totalmente distrutta dall'invasione dei tartari. Nel 1257, la città fu ricostruita, e rimase praticamente inalterata fino ad oggi. Ricevette inoltre lo statuto di città secondo la Legge di Magdeburgo. Il 1311 segna la rivolta dei cittadini di lingua tedesca di Cracovia, interessati nel mantenere i legami commerciali con Boemia, ma la fazione tedesca non riuscì a soddisfare le sue ambizioni politiche e cominciò ad amalgamarsi con la realtà polacca. Cracovia divenne di nuovo un centro di luce culturale nel 1364, quando Casimiro III di Polonia fondò l'Università di Cracovia, la seconda in Europa centrale dopo l'Università di Praga. Una scuola religiosa, sotto la direzione del Vescovo della città, esisteva comunque sin dal 1150. La città continuò a crescere sotto la dinastia lituana Jagellone (1386-1572), che conservò una stretta cooperazione con la casa imperiale Asburgo del Sacro Romano Impero. Come capitale di uno potente, divenne un centro fiorente per la scienza e le arti. Molte opere del Rinascimento furono create in questo periodo. Nel 1475 i delegati dell'elettore Giorgio il Ricco di Baviera vennero a Cracovia per organizzare il matrimonio di Jadwiga, la figlia del re Casimiro IV Jagellone con Giorgio il Ricco. Jadwiga viaggiò per due mesi per raggiungere Landshut in Baviera, dove fu celebrata una elaborata cerimonia, il Matrimonio di Landshut (Landshuter Hochzeit)
[modifica] Il Rinascimento
Cattedrale del Wawel
Sinagoga vecchia a Kasimierz
Nel 1488 il poeta e umanista Conrad Celtes fondò la Sodalitas Litterarum Vistulana, una società letteraria basata sulla struttura e gli intenti delle Accademie Romane. Nel 1489 Veit Stoss di Norimberga terminò il suo lavoro sull'Altare Grande della Chiesa di Santa Maria. Più tardi incise anche un sarcofago marmoreo per Casimiro IV. Numerosi artisti, principalmente provenienti da Norimberga, lavorarono a Cracovia. Dal 1500, Haller stabilì una tipografia nella città. Nel 1520, Johan Behem realizzò la più grande campana da chiesa della Polonia, chiamata la Campana di Sigismondo, in onore del re Sigismondo I. Nello stesso periodo Hans Duerer, il fratello minore di Albrecht Duerer, fu il pittore di corte di Sigismondo. Hans von Kulmbach realizzò l'altare per la Chiesa di San Giovanni;
[modifica] DeclinoNel 1609 Sigismondo III trasferì la capitale a Varsavia, meglio situata per governare tutto il Paese. Per la mancanza della corte reale cominciò il declino di Cracovia, che poi veniva anche numerose volte devastata da diverse armate.
[modifica] Dopo la spartizione della Polonia
Il Sukiennice (Cloth Hall, palazzo del tessuto) a
Cracovia
Al termine del XVIII secolo, lo stato polacco, ormai indebolito, venne assorbito dalle nazioni vicine, preponderanti dal punto di vista politico-militare nell'Europa centro-orientale: la Russia, l'Austria e la Prussia. Cracovia divenne parte della provincia austriaca della Galizia. Tadeusz Kosciuszko organizzò una rivolta, nella zona del mercato di Cracovia nel 1794. L'esercito russo-prussiano soffocò la rivolta saccheggiando il tesoro reale polacco conservato nella città. Quando Napoleone Bonaparte invase quella che una volta era la Polonia, stabilì un Ducato di Varsavia (1807) come stato indipendente, ma subordinato all'impero francese. Il Congresso di Vienna (1815) ristabilì la spartizione della Polonia, conferendo però l'indipendenza a Cracovia, come capitale della Repubblica di Cracovia. La città cominciò a concentrarsi sull'indipendenza nazionale, sfociata nella Rivolta di Cracovia del 1846. I moti non raggiunsero il loro obiettivo di coinvolgere le altre terre abitate da Polacchi, fu quindi soffocata e Cracovia perse la sua autonomia con la sua annessione all'Austria. Dopo la Guerra Austro-Prussiana del 1866, l'Austria concesse l'autonomia alla Galizia, stabilendo che il polacco fosse impiegato come lingua di governo e installando una dieta provinciale. Espressosi in queste forme, il dominio austriaco fu molto più morbido di quello esercitato dalla Russia e dalla Prussia; Cracovia divenne il faro della nazione polacca e un centro di arte e cultura. Tra i pittori, poeti e scrittori dell'epoca, è possibile annoverare Jan Matejko, Stanislaw Ignacy Witkiewicz, Jan Kasprowicz, Juliusz Kossak, Wojciech Kossak Stanislaw Wyspianski e Stanislaw Przybyszewski. Gli ultimi due furono i capofila del modernismo polacco. [modifica] XX secolo
Cracovia
Durante la Prima Guerra Mondiale, le truppe di Cracovia, guidate da Jozef Pilsudski si batterono per la liberazione della Polonia, in alleanza con le forze austriache e tedesche. Nonostante la sconfitta degli imperi centrali, i termini del Trattato di Versailles (1919) stabilirono il primo stato sovrano polacco da oltre un secolo. La Polonia fu poi spartita nuovamente nel 1939 con la Campagna di Polonia, casus belli della Seconda Guerra Mondiale, e le forze naziste entrarono a Cracovia a settembre dello stesso anno. Divenne così capitale del Governatorato Generale, una autorità coloniale guidata da Hans Frank. L'occupazione fu pesante, soprattutto per l'identità culturale della città. Oltre 150 professori e studiosi della Università Jagellonica vennero convocati per un incontro, arrestati e inviati in un campo di concentramento a Sachsenhausen (vedi anche Sonderaktion Krakau). Molte reliquie e vestigia della cultura nazionale furono distrutti o saccheggiati. Vennero stabiliti nelle vicinanze di Cracovia due tra i più tristemente famosi campi di concentramento: Plaszow e Auschwitz. Grazie alla manovra di avanzamento delle forze sovietiche, Cracovia scampò dalla completa distruzione, ed alcuni palazzi storici e capolavori vennero salvati. Al termine del conflitto, in ogni modo, il governo della Repubblica Popolare di Polonia ordinò la costruzione di Nowa Huta, la più grande acciaieria dello stato. L'obiettivo era quello di ridurre l'influenza dei circoli intellettuali ed artistici attraendo le masse operaie. Nel 1978, l'UNESCO ha inserito la città nella sua prima lista dei siti patrimonio dell'umanità
Corpus Domini
Cracovia
Cracovia
[modifica] SportCi sono due circoli sportivi importanti: il KS Cracovia (il club più antico della Polonia, fondato nel 1906) e il Wisla Cracovia. Le due squadre sono tra le più importanti della Polonia; Il KS Cracovia è campione di Polonia nell'hockey sul ghiaccio (2006), e il Wisla è il vicecampione nel calcio (2006).
[modifica] Città gemellate
[modifica] Voci correlate
[modifica] Altri progetti
[modifica] Collegamenti esterni
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these informations thanks to http://www.cedokitalia.com La vostra agenzia di viaggio per Praga - Budapest - Mosca e L'Europa dell'Est Cedok Italia Via G. Lanza, 105/A - 00184 Roma Email:cedok.it@adv.it |
GRAND - Prezzi E' situato nel cuore della vecchia citta'. Il suo ristorante ed il suo caffe' viennese con il loro charme donano indimenticabili atmosfere ed un caldo gusto dell'antico. L'hotel dispone di 56 camere singole e doppie. HOLIDAY INN - Prezzi Situato nel centro di Cracovia, dispone di 154 camere dotate di aria condizionata, accesso ad internet, TV-SAT, bagno doccia. FORUM HOTEL CRACOVIA - Prezzi E' il piu' moderno hotel della citta', collocato sulla riva del fiume Vistola con splendida veduta sul castello Wawel. A pochi passi dal centro storico. L' hotel ha 277 camere dotate di ogni comfort moderno. GALICYA - Prezzi A soli 15 minuti dal centro l'hotel e' dotato di 3 camere modernamente arredate. Posizione ideale per le escursioni verso Wieliczka, Zakopane e Katowice. CRACOVIA - Prezzi Situato vicino all'area delal citta' vecchia, e' un grande albergo di 352 camere tutte con bagno/wc, radio, tv e telefono. Ristorante, caffe', disco-bar. Parcheggio custodito. CONTINENTAL - Prezzi L'albergo si trova in una zona tranquilla della citta', non lontano dalla strada internazionale E40. 302 camere con bagno o doccia, tv-sat, telefono, minibar e radio. Ristorante. |
| Thanks to www.travelpuppy.com |
| Cracow Travel
Guide Cracow Travel Guide and Cracow Travel Information - TravelPuppy.com City Overview Cracow, long heralded as ‘The New Prague’, is now well established as a major tourist destination. At the height of summer, Poland’s fourth largest city hordes with tour groups, all manner of tourist tack and countless pavement cafés that seem to occupy every cobble of the main square. Out of season, late at night or even in the first slivers of the morning light, it is clear why so many people flock to visit. This delightful city, situated in the southeast of the country, between the Jura uplands and the Tatra Mountains, on the banks of the Wisla (Vistula) River, has one of the best-preserved medieval city centres in Europe. Dozens of churches cover almost every architectural period and are surrounded by abbeys and monasteries– walking through the Old Town streets is like drifting back through the musty pages of a historical novel. The city has largely been left in one piece since the Tartar raids of the 13th century, which accounts for the unspoilt Old Town – now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Laid out in 1257, the Rynek Glowny (Main Market Square) is one of the biggest medieval market squares in Europe – as well as a remarkable set piece fronted by elegant façades. It is dominated by the 16th century Sukiennice (Cloth Hall), which continues to perform its role as a trading centre with lively market stalls and pavement cafés in and around the building. The surrounding lanes of the Stare Miasto (the Old Town) are ringed by the Planty, a leafy, linear park that follows the line of the Old Town walls. The huge hulk of Wawel Hill, to the south, is home to Wawel Castle, the seat of Polish kings from the 11th century to the early 17th century. It was here, in 1000 AD, that the bishopric of Cracow was established and the Cathedral remains the spiritual home of Poland. One area that has seen disturbing times is the Kazimierz district. For centuries it was a centre of Jewish culture, until the Nazis killed most of its residents and deported many of the survivors to the wartime ghetto of Podgorze and thence to nearby Auschwitz. Kazimierz had largely fallen into decline since World War II, but the area is undergoing something of a renaissance in response to the new interest brought about by the film Schindler’s List. The Jewish culture of the area is being revitalized, with lively art galleries, kosher restaurants and regular cultural events, such as Klezmer concerts. In fact, Cracow’s cultural attractions in general are manifest, with almost a quarter of Poland’s museum holdings housed here and the city’s cultural scene is without equal in Poland – the city was justifiably named as one of the nine European Cities of Culture in the year 2000. The city’s cultural heritage is mirrored in its intellectual achievements – the Jagiellonian University is one of the oldest in Poland. The student population of the city numbers over 100,000 and it fires a dynamic nightlife scene that burns brightly in the atmospheric cellar bars away from the tourists above. Cracow has extremely contrasting seasons with cold, snowy winters and ‘fresh’ springs and autumns. Visitors should be careful of the locals’ use of the word ‘fresh’ – an optimistic reference to patently cold weather. The labyrinthine cellars of the Old Town are a perfect place to escape the winter chill. However, come summer, the quintessential Cracow experience is relaxing in a pavement café on the main square enjoying one of the long and mild nights. The amount of tourists to Cracow has increased considerably in recent years, partly due to the introduction of easier visa regulations, and also because of the media coverage the city received in the international press in the months leading to Poland assession to the EU in May 2004. The death of Pope John Paul II (born Karola Wojtyly) in April 2005 is likely to bring even more pilgrims to the city where he lived for many years and which he served as archbishop and then cardinal before leaving for Rome to start his Pontificate in October 1978. ____________Cracow Festival - Events Cracow Festivals and Events Guide - TravelPuppy.com The following is a selection of special events: Wawel Evenings, Jan, classical music concerts at the Castle Krakow Theatrical Reminiscences, Mar, various venues Constitution Day, patriotic parades and festivities, 3 May, throughout the city Student’s Song Festival, early May, various venues St Stanislaw Procession, May, from Wawel to Skalta Cracow Film Festival, May/Jun, various venues Summer Festival of Opera and Operetta, early Jun Wianki, midsummer festival with girls floating wreaths of magic herbs and candles on the Visitula River, St John’s Day, June 24 Jewish Culture Festival, Jun-Jul, Kazimierz Summer Jazz Festival, Jul, various venues International Street Theatre Festival, early Jul, throughout the city Folk Art Fair, late Aug, Old Town Festival of Old Polish Operas, mid-Sep, various venues Cracow Jazz Jamboree, Nov, various venues Cracow Ballet Meetings, Nov, various venues Independence Day, patriotic displays around the city, mid-Nov, throughout the city Szopki Krakowskie, contest for the most beautiful Cracow Christmas nativity scene, Dec, Rynek Glowny Jazz Juniors, international competition of young jazz groups, Dec, various venues Christmas Day, 25 Dec, throughout the city New Year’s Eve, 31 Dec, Rynek Glowny _____________Cracow Culture Guide Cracow Culture Guide - TravelPuppy.com Cracow’s rich intellectual, spiritual and artistic life has received worldwide interest, thanks to its selection as one of the nine European Cities of Culture in 2000. This special year was overseen by the patronage of Cracow’s leading cultural residents: the poets Wislawa Szymborska and Czeslaw Milosz, the film and theatre director Andrzej Wajda, and the composer Krzysztof Penderecki, who won a Grammy Award in 1988. Cracow has long been Poland’s cultural capital but the city’s wide range of culture and the appeal of Cracow’s artistic life have taken off since this year-long arts extravaganza and now more and more events take place all around the city. Information on cultural events and tickets are available from Centrum Informacji Kulturalnej (Cultural Information Centre), ulica sw Jana 2 (tel: (012) 421 7787). There is a culture information centre in central Cracow at Sukiennice, Rynek Glowny 1/3 (tel: (012) 421 7706). The Cultural Information Centre publishes a monthly magazine, Karnet, which has listings in Polish and English. Literary Notes There are 2 winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature closely associated with Cracow. Firstly, Czeslaw Milosz, author of The Captive Mind (1953), who died recently (Aug 2004). Secondly, poet Wislawa Szymborska, whose literary debut began with I Seek the World (1945), published in the supplement Fight (Walka) of Cracow’s daily newspaper, and was followed by the runaway success That’s What we Live For (1952) and many subsequent collections of poetry. The leading Polish science fiction writer and the author of Solaris (1961), Stanislaw Lem, studied at Cracow’s Jagiellonian University. Although it is Steven Spielberg’s film Schindler’s List (1993) that has dramatically raised awareness of Cracow’s former Jewish population, it was Schindler’s Ark (which won the Booker Prize in 1982), by Thomas Kenneally, that first told the story. A good recent history of Cracow is Zdislaw Zygulski’s Cracow: An Illustrated History (2001). To learn more about Krakow, visit http://letters.krakow.pl _______________Cracow Getting Around Getting Around Cracow - TravelPuppy.com Public Transport Cracow is served by a network of bus and tram routes operated by MPK between 0500hrs and 2300hrs. Local trains serve the outer suburbs of the city. Bus and tram tickets are inexpensive, but if a change of vehicle is required, it is better to buy a one-hour ticket. The charge for buses that crosses the city limits is a little more than normal charge. Night buses are available. Tickets may be purchased at kiosks or at retail outlets or from the driver (though this costs extra). Tickets should be punched in the boxes inside the tram or bus. A ticket has to be punched for each large piece of luggage (free with a pass). For detailed information on municipal public transport call (012) 9150. Passes are available for 1 day and 1 week. Students will be offered a 50% discount on standard prices upon presentation of an ISIC card. Anyone caught without a valid ticket will receive an on-the-spot fine. Taxis Taxis are metered and can be found at taxi ranks, which are located in the squares on the perimeter of the Old Town. Alternatively, taxis can be hailed on the street – those with a hail light and displaying a telephone number and company name usually charge reasonable rates. Others should be avoided. However, it is cheapest to order a taxi by telephone. Reputable companies include: Express Taxi (tel: (012) 9629 or (0800) 11 11 11), Barbakan Taxi (tel: (012) 9661), Mega Taxi (tel: (012) 9625) and Wawel Taxi (tel: (012) 9666 or (0800) 400 400). It is wise to check how much the trip will cost before entering the taxi. Rates go up after 2200hrs and on Sundays. There is no baggage charge but a tip of 10% is appreciated. Driving in the City The city centre is mostly closed to traffic and there are very few car parks in the immediate vicinity. There is one near Wawel on ulica Powisle, and others on ulica Karmelicka, plac Szczepanski and plac Biskupi. Parking is charged by the hour or by the day, but it is very difficult to find a space. Visitors might be able to get a temporary parking permit from their hotel. It may also be possible for non guests to get a space at one of the Orbis hotels (Continental, Cracovia or Wanda). Parking on the street can be of problem due to the various parking restrictions, especially near the centre. Traffic can be heavy and this is intensified by narrow streets and trams. Traffic jams occur on the ring of the Aleje, which encircles the Planty. Car Hire Avis, ulica Lubicz 23 (tel: (012) 629 6108), and Hertz, Hotel Cracovia, aleja Focha 1 (tel: (012) 429 6262), have rental offices in the city. Other operators include Budget, ulica Radzikowskiego 99/101 (tel: (012) 637 0089), and Joka, ulica Starowislna 13 (tel: (012) 429 6630). National also has a desk at the airport (tel: (012) 639 3286). Drivers must be at least 23 years of age and have a valid driver’s licence and International Driving Permit. Bicycle Hire The branch of the Jordan Tourist Bureau, ulica Dluga 9 (tel/fax: (012) 421 2125), provides bicycles for rent. A passport and a deposit is required. _____________Krakow-Balice International Airport Cracow International Airport - TravelPuppy.com Krakow - Balice (John Paul II) International Airport (KRK) Tel: (012) 639 3000. Website: www.lotnisko-balice.pl Cracow is a small airport, 11km (7 miles) west of the city centre (journey time – 20 minutes) and has been upgraded to accommodate the larger transatlantic planes. Although it is Poland’s second largest international airport, most international flights go to Warsaw, which is the largest. Major airlines LOT Polish Airlines (tel: (012) 285 5070 or (0800) 300 952/3; website: www.lot.com) is the national carrier. Other airlines include British Airways, Air France, Sky Europe, Lufthansa, Alitalia, Austrian Airlines, BMI, easyjet, SAS and Swiss. Approximate flight times to Cracow From London is 2 hours 35 minutes From New York is 8 hours 40 minutes From Los Angeles is 13 hours (plus transfer) From Toronto is 8 hours 25 minutes From Sydney is 25 hours (plus stopover and transfer). Airport facilities These include a bar, cafe and a restaurant, bureaux de change, banks, ATMs, 24-hour first aid and duty-free shops, a post office and an information desk. Car hire is available from Avis, Hertz, Europcar and Budget. Business facilities There is a executive lounge for business-class passengers and traveller-club members. Transport to the city The MPK buses 192 and 208 go to the Main Railway Station (journey time – 25 minutes). Taxis are available too and journey time – 15-20 minutes. __________Cracow Nightlife Cracow Nightlife - TravelPuppy.com The amalgamation of a large student population and an increasing number of tourist visitors means that the nightlife scene in Cracow has hotted up significantly over the last few years. The epicentre of nightlife is on and around Rynek Glowny, with pavement cafés a well liked place to begin an evening. Distinctions between restaurants, cafés, bars and clubs tend to blur a bit, especially later in the evening when cosy cellar bars become party zones complete with booming dance music and sweaty dancefloors. Live music tends to be jazz or rock, but there are occasionally more off-beat shows. Bars have tended to close quite early in the past but more and more are opening until 0200hrs or even 0400hrs. A cover charge may be applied. The minimum drinking age in Poland is 18, and it is against the law to sell alcohol to someone who appears to be drunk. The average price of a beer in a bar is between ZL5 and ZL8, but wine is more costly. Bars Every week sees the launch of a new puba or a new café, so keeping up with what’s happening in the city can be a bit of a challenge. Check the local press or websites such as www.cracowonline.com or www.cracow-life.com for the most recent hip venues. One of the finest of the cellar pubs is CK Browar, Podwale 6-7, a lively pub with stone walls and lots of nooks and crannies to hide away in. An artsy, Bohemian hangout is Nowy Kuzyn, Maly Rynek 4, with its 1970s style decor, funky furniture and trance sounds. More traditional pubs include Piwnica Pod Baranami, Rynek Glowny 27, with its inexpensive beer, and Pub Popularny, ulica Grodzka 31, with its rock music and strong beer. Bastylia Bar on Stolarska 3 is a fashionable pub with giant screen TV and good vodkas, and they also serve food. Casinos There is a branch of Casinos Poland in the Hotel Novotel Bronowice. The hotels Forum and Pod Roza also have casinos that are open to the public. There is also a huge casino in Hotel Cracovia. The minimum age for entrance is 18 years – passports are a requisite. At very least, a suit and tie or the equivalent is the standard dress code for casinos in the hotels. Clubs Cracow’s club scene has improved very much in recent years, with new clubs opening all the time. Party goers tend to move from one spot to another as the night goes on. One of the hottest dance clubs at present is Club Fusion at ulica Florianska 15, although Kredens, Rynek Glowny 12, a cavernous cellar club, has a well established reputation for dance music too. Caryca, ulica Wielopol 15, has smoky, laid back interiors and smooth sounds, while Buddha Bar & Garden at Rynek Glowny 6 (right on the Grand Square) offers oriental décor and atmosphere. Frantic, also in the Old Town at ulica Szewska 5, attracts the young crowd with its funky décor: it has two dancefloors and three bars. And Zoom Club, new on the scene for 2005, is one of the places to check out on weekends, with visiting hip house DJs from all over Poland. Kitsch, ulica Wielopole 15 meanwhile, is the best gay-friendly spot in town. Dance In addition to ballet at the Slowacki Theatre, the city is a nice place to see performances during the Cracow Ballet Meetings in November. Film Film buffs should time their visit to Cracow to coincide with some of the annual festivals, such as the Polish and International Festival of Commercials and Advertisements in March (Poland was the proud winner at Cannes International Advertising Festival in June 2000), the International Short Film Festival and Polish Short Film Festival in May, or the Etiud International Film Festival which is in November. Just about all films shown in Cracow’s cinemas are in their original language, with Polish subtitles. Cracow’s screens include ARS, ulica sw Jana 6 (tel: (012) 421 4199), an extremely elegant cinema just off the market square, and the Kijow (the biggest cinema in town) behind the Hotel Cracovia, Krasinskiego 34 (tel: (012) 422 3093). There is a new IMAX, aleja Pokoju 44 (tel: (012) 290 9090). Pasaz, Rynek Glowny 9 (in the old commercial passage leading from the corner of Grodzka and the Rynek to ulica Stolarska) shows 'A' movie features a few weeks or months after their release, and Mikro, ulica Lea 5 (tel: (012) 634 2897) is the place to go for arthouse movies. Live Music Jazz is very popular in the city and some of the cellar bars make for the perfect environment in which to hear bands. Klub U Louisa, 13 Rynek Glowny on the main square is one of the oldest places in Cracow, and one of the most famous. Indigo, ulica Sw Tomasza 17, is a smoky cellar perfect to listen to jazz music in relaxed surroundings. Stalowe Magnolie (Steel Magnolias), ulica Sw Jana 15, is open from 1800hrs to dawn – jazz ends at midnight and recorded house music begins. The Klezmer Hois (Klezmer House) restaurant, on ulica Szeroka 6 in Kazimierz, offers nightly Klezmer (a combination of traditional Jewish music and 1920s jazz) from one of three bands, as well as other music on occasion. Many bars and clubs have live music one night a week. Peweks, ulica Sw Tomasza 11a, is a cult Cracow hangout worth checking out, while Ludu Dubu, ulica Wielopole 5, is a retro club in the old 19th century townhouse just outside the Old Town. Popular with students, it offers a range of music. Music Cracow’s musical heritage dates back to the liturgical music of the 11th-century Cathedral School. Liszt and Brahms gave concerts in Wawel Castle’s Saxon Room, Szymanowski is buried in Skalka Church and Paderewski made a donation to the university. The Cracow Academy of Music continues to produce high calibre musicians. Cracow Philharmonic Orchestra performs at the Panstwowa Filharmonia im Szymanowskiego (Szymanowski State Philharmonic), ulica Zwierzyniecka 1 (tel: (012) 422 9477). Capella Cracoviensis choir gives special concerts in the Sukiennice (Cloth Hall) and a number of Cracow’s churches, in addition to their performances at the Philharmonic Hall. Opera performances take place on Sundays and Mondays in the extraordinary Teatr im Juliusza Slowackiego (Juliusz Slowacki National Slowacki Theatre), plac sw Ducha 1 (tel: (012) 424 4500), which echoes the Paris Opera. Cracow Operetta performs at the Scena Opretkowa (Operetta Stage), ulica Lubicz 48 (tel: (012) 421 4200). The Music in Old Cracow festival and the Tyniec Organ Recitals, in an 11th century Benedictine abbey in the nearby village of Tyniec, have both been running for over a quarter of a century. Much newer, but quickly gaining in popularity, is the annual Easter Ludwig van Beethoven Festival, inaugurated as part of the Krakow 2000 festival and featuring works by Beethoven and other composers. The summer Jazz Masters Festival features international and local performers. Theatre Cracow has a very rich dramatic history – the Aktorzy Teatru Cricot 2, ulica Kanoniczna 5 (tel: (012) 292 9290), was well-known as the place to see the works of avant-garde director Tadeusz Kantor, while the Teatr im. Juliusza Slowackiego or Slowacki Theatre, plac Sw Ducha 1 (tel: (012) 422 4575), was the venue for the premiers of Stanislaw Wyspianski’s plays. Today, both classic and avant garde works are staged there. The Teatr Stary im Heleny Modrzejewskiej (Old Theatre) is Cracow’s foremost theatre company and performances are on one of the three stages. The main stage for performance is at ulica Jagiellonska 5 (tel: (012) 422 8020 or 422 4040 for bookings). Teatr Ludowy, Osiedle Teatralne 34 (tel: (012) 680 2100), holds on to its socialist name (The People’s Theatre). In addition, it also retains the sparse interiors of Poland’s Communist past but this is where radical new plays or cutting-edge adaptations of the classics are performed. Tickets can be purchased Tuesday to Saturday 1600hrs-1800hrs and 2 hours before the performance. ___________Cracow Shopping Cracow Shopping Guide - TravelPuppy.com Rynek Glowny (the Main Market Square) still performs its medieval function that its name suggests. The Cloth Hall especially is a good place to find all manner of souvenirs and Polish handicrafts, such as lace, dolls and leather goods, as well as high-quality, reasonably priced amber jewellery. The Cepelia stores, on ulica Bracka, and the variety of shops clustering around the Hotel Cracovia, are also worth a visit for Polish handicrafts. The section of the Old Town wall on ulica Florianska is given over to local artists, who present works of different quality for sale. As the influx of Western tourists brings more money into the city, the amount of smart boutiques continues to grow, especially on ulica Florianska, and, to a lesser extent, on ulica Szewska. The colourful, vegetable market Stary Kleparz (open from 0700hrs until dusk) at Rynek Kleparski, just to the north of the Old Town, is one of the oldest markets in Poland, dating back to the 14th century. A little further north, around plac Nowy Kleparz, at the end of ulica Dluga, the longest street in Cracow, is another vegetable market (open from 0700hrs until dusk) – though not quite so cheap as its older cousin. Cracow’s biggest flea market (open Sunday 0700hrs-1300hrs) is located at plac Nowy Kazimierz. Huge supermarkets, such as Carrefour, ulica Zakopianska 62, Geant, ulica Bora Komorowskiego 37, Hit, ulica Wielicka 259, and the 24-hour Tesco, ulica Kapelanka 56, usually offer the best prices for traditional Polish products, such as vodka and Krowki (literally ‘Little Cow’) sweets. Opening hours vary significantly and many shops tend to open and close later than in Western European countries. Shops are open Monday to Friday 1000/1100hrd to 1800/2000hrs and Saturday 1000hrs to 1300/1600hrs. Shopping malls, hypermarkets and the bigger shops are often open seven days a week and there are also a number of 24-hour shops. VAT is at 22%. Tax free shopping is available at various venues displaying the ‘Tax Free Shopping’ sign (tel: (022) 853 3755; website: www.globalrefund.pl). _____________Cracow Sightseeing Cracow Sightseeing Guide - TravelPuppy.com Sightseeing Overview Cracow is extremely easy to navigate on foot as most of the main sights are located within the Planty, a leafy park that forms a green belt around the historic centre or Stare Miasto (Old Town). The epicentre of tourist Cracow is the Rynek Glowny (Main Market Square), one of Europe’s most striking public spaces, which is overrun by tourists during the high season. Relaxing in a pavement café here is a nice way to get acquainted with the city. Furthere away from the main square, busy Grodzka leads towards Wzgorze Wawelskie (Wawel Hill), the buttress where Cracow’s castle complex overlooks the city. It was here the Polish Kings ruled from the 14th to 17th centuries and there is enough to see to occupy at least a day or two, including the Castle itself, the State Rooms, Treasury and Armoury, Royal Tombs and Wawel Cathedral. 10 minutes’ walk from Wawel is the district of Kazimierz, southeast of the Old Town, where the city’s sizeable Jewish population used to prosper before the Nazis arrived. There is little of sightseeing merit on the other bank of the sleepy Wisla River (Vistula River), apart from the old wartime Jewish ghetto of Podgorze, an area which has received an ever growing number of visitors since the release of Schindler’s List in 1993. Tourist Information Cracow Tourist Information Centre Ulica Szpitalna 25 (Kiosk on Planty) Telephone: (012) 432 0110/0060. Website: www.krakow.pl Opening hours: Mon-Sun 0900-1700 (Oct-May), Mon-Sun 0800-2000 (Jun-Sep). There is a tourist information centre on ulica Jozefa 7 for the Kazimierz District (tel: (012) 422 0471) and one on os. Centrum B (tel: (012) 685 5900) for Nowa Huta District. In high season, there is a tourist information centre in the Town Hall Tower on the main market square. A cultural centre, offering full tourist information service to Cracow and the Malopolska Region, is located at ulica Sw Jana 2 (tel: (012) 421 7787). Jordan, on ulica Pawia 8 (tel: (012) 422 6091), also offers information and tours. The Malopolska Tourist Information Centre Rynek Glowny 1/3 (main market square) Telephone: (012) 421 7706. Website: www.mcit.pl Opening hours: Mon-Fri 0900-1800, Sat 0900-1400. Passes The Krakow Tourist Card, available for 2 or 3 days, entitles the holder to free travel on city buses and trams (including bus 192 to the airport) and to free entry in up to 32 Krakow museums. For additional information visit www.krakowcard.com . Key Attractions Rynek Glowny (Main Market Square) Dating from 1257, this was one of the biggest market squares in medieval Europe. Occupying the centre of the square, the Sukiennice (Cloth Hall) is filled with market stalls in its vaulted ground floor passages. Along the sides of the building, pavement cafés draw locals and tourists. A branch of the National Museum is upstairs. Surrounding the square are remarkable period houses and two of the city’s most important churches. Kosciol sw Wojciecha (St Adalbert’s Church) dates from the 10th century and is the oldest extant church in Cracow, however it is the Gothic Kosciol Mariacki (St Mary’s Church), with its twin spires, that really catches the eye. Within this church is the 15th century Chapel of Our Lady of Czestochowa and Wit Stwosz’s large stone crucifix and wooden polyptych, The Dormition of the Virgin of 1477-1489, the largest Gothic altar in Europe. Above the organ loft, the church also boasts excellent 14th century stained glass and Art Nouveau works by Wyspianski and Mehoffer. The taller of the two towers was the city’s watch tower and every hour the heynal is played by the town trumpeter, who cuts off the last note to commemorate the death of a trumpeter killed by a Turkish arrow. Also on the square is the Wieza ratuszowa (Town Tower), the only surviving part of the town hall, which dates from the 14th century. St Mary’s Church Rynek Glowny Opening hours: Mon-Sat 1150-1800, Sun 1400-1800. Free admission, charge to see the altar. Zamek Krolewski (Royal Castle) From the year 1000, when the bishopric of Cracow was established, Wzgorze Wawelskie (Wawel Hill) has been at the core of Poland’s history. Situated at Wawel, the Royal Castle was the seat of Poland’s kings from the 11th to the early 17th century. The majority of the castle is in Renaissance style (1504-35), although Romanesque and Gothic elements remain. Presently, it is a museum, and among the treasures in the historic interior of the State Rooms is a collection of 16th century Flemish tapestries, paintings and period furniture. Other separate sections of the castle open to public includes the Royal Private Apartments and the Crown Treasury and Armoury. Also worth a look is The Lost Wawel exhibit, which showcases the excavated remains of Wawel’s original buildings, including foundations of the oldest known church in Poland, the early 11th century Rotunda of St Felix and St Adauctus. The Museum of Oriental Art has an excellent collection of Near and Far Eastern art, including important 17th century Turkish items. More whimsical is the Dragon’s Den, a karstic cave reached by a spiral staircase, where Prince Gracchus (Krak) allegedly killed the Wawel dragon. Wawel 5 Telephone: (012) 422 5155 ext. 291. Website: www.wawel.krakow.pl Opening hours: Wawel Hill: daily 0600-2000 (Apr-Sep); daily 0600-1700hrs (Oct-Mar). Attractions: Mon 1930-1200hrs, Tues and Fri 0930-1600, Wed and Thurs 0930-150hrs0, Sat 0930-1500hrs and Sun 1000-1500hrs. Royal Apartments and Oriental Art closed Mon. Dragon’s Den: daily 1000-1700hrs. Admission charge; concessions available; free Mon (where open) except the Dragon’s Den. Katedra Wawelska (Wawel Cathedral) Part of Wawel, this cathedral, also known as the Archcathedral Church of SS Venceslaus and Stanislaus or the Royal Cathedral, is the coronation site and burial place of almost all of Poland’s monarchs. It was built in the 11th century by King Boleslaw the Brave after Cracow was made a bishopric. Though there are Romanesque elements, the overall impact is determined by the 14th century Gothic structure. The relics of St Stanislaw, the patron saint of Cracow and Poland, are kept here. Of the many royal chapels that are there, the Renaissance Chapel of King Zygmunt (Sigismund) stands out. It is possible to climb the tower to see the 11 tonne Zygmunt Bell and enjoy the beautiful view. Wawel 3 Telephone: (012) 422 5155. Opening hours: Mon-Sat 0900-1700hrs, Sun 1215-1700hrs (May-Sep); Mon-Sat 0900-1500hrs, Sun 1215-1500hrs (Nov-Mar). Admission charge; concessions available. Muzeum Narodowe (National Museum) The museum’s large collection is located in many separate buildings, including the Czartoryski Museum (see below). The Main Building houses a collection of decorative art, 20th century Polish art and Polish arms and national colours, in addition to the temporary exhibitions. The Gallery in the Cloth Hall, Rynek Glowny 1/3 (tel: (012) 422 1166) exhibits 19th century Polish art and temporary exhibitions. Aleja 3 Maja 1 Telephone: (012) 295 5500. Website: www.muzeum.krakow.pl (Polish only) Opening hours: (Main building) Tues-Thur and Sun 1000-1530hrs, Fri-Sat 1000-1800hrs; (Cloth Hall) Tues, Thur and Sat 1000-1530hrs, Wed and Fri 1000-1800hrs. Admission charge; concessions available; free Sun. Muzeum Czartoryskich (Czartoryski Museum) A large collection of ancient art from Egypt and Greece, as well as Oriental artefacts, weapons and Turkish carpets can be found here. European sculpture and paintings cover the 13th to 18th centuries – the most famous works here are Leonardo da Vinci’s Lady with an Ermine and Rembrandt’s Landscape with the Good Samaritan. Ulica sw Jana 19 Telephone: (012) 422 5566. Website: www.muzeum-czartoryskich.krakow.pl (Polish only) Opening hours: Tues-Sun 1000-1550hrs (Fri until 1800). Admission charge; concessions available; free Sun. Muzeum Historyczne Miasta Krakowa (History Museum of the City of Cracow) This museum’s collection is spread over many sites. The branch in Rynek Glowny occupies 3 burgher houses and displays objects from Cracow’s earliest times. Other galleries showcase an assortment of portraiture and antique clocks. Krzysztofory Palace Rynek Glowny 35 Telephone: (012) 422 9922. Website: www.mhk.pl (Polish only) Opening hours: Tues, Wed, Fri 0900-1530hrs, Thurs 1100-1800hrs. Admission charge; concessions available. Stara Synagoga or Alte Shul (Old Synagogue) Kazimierz was initially a separate town, only merging with Cracow in 1868. Here the memories of the Jewish community who lived in the Kazimierz district for centuries are collected in physical form. Part of the Historical Museum of the City of Cracow, the Old Synagogue accomodates a permanent exhibit – Tradition and Culture of Polish Jews. The Synagogue was built in the 15th century and reconstructed with Renaissance aspects by the Florentine architect, Matteo Gucci, after the fire of 1574. The surrounding area had been ignored until Steven Spielberg’s film, Schindler’s List (1993), drew attention to the Kazimierz (there are also a number of sites around the former wartime ghetto, south of the Vistula River, which are included in tours). The only two functioning synagogues in Cracow (Remuh Synagoga, ulica Szeroka 40, with cemetery attached, and Isaak Synagoga, ulica Kupa 18, which shows documentary films) are located nearby. Ulica Szeroka 24 Telephone/fax: (012) 422 0962. Opening hours: Mon 1000-1400hrs, Tues-Sun 1000-1700hrs. Admission charge; concessions available; free Mon. Muzeum Uniwersytetu Jagiellonskiego (Jagiellonian University Museum) Housed in the mid 15th century Collegium Maius, the oldest building of the Cracow Academy (the university’s forerunner) this museum is home to an eclectic collection. The University was founded in the year 1364 and reformed by King Wladyslaw Jagiello in the year 1400. Visits are by guided tours only, which includes important rooms and reconstructed professors’ chambers, as well as significant historical objects, such as astronomical instruments that may have been used by Copernicus. Ulica Jagiellonska 15 Telephone:(012) 422 0549. Website: www.uj.edu.pl/muzeum Opening hours: Mon-Fri 1100-1500, Sat 1100-1400 (last entry 40 minutes before closing time); closed Sun and holidays. Admission charge; concessions available; free Sat. Further Distractions Muzeum Archidiecezjalne (Archdiocesan Museum) Sacral art from the Cracow Archdiocese, 13th century paintings and Pope John Paul II’s room (he lived here twice) are among the attractions in this 14th-century canonic house. A number of the presents received by the late Polish pontiff in his role as pope from many world leaders are also on display. Ulica Kanonicza 19-21 Telephone: (012) 421 8963 or 628 8211. Opening hours: Tue-Fri 1000-1600hrs, Sat-Sun 1000-1500hrs. Admission charge; concessions available. Centrum Sztuki i Techniki Japonskiej Manggha (‘Manggha’ Centre of Japanese Art and Technology) While its appearance may be at odds with Cracow’s several historic buildings, this centre has one of the continent’s finest collection of ancient Japanese art housed in a sleek, glass and concrete building designed by Arata Isozaki. The compilation was created by Felix ‘Manggha’ Jasienski (1861-1929), who first discovered Japenese art while studying in Paris in the 1880s. He adopted the alias‘Manggha’ from a transliteration of the Japenese ‘manga’ – the title of Hokusu’s famous series of sketches. He collected throughout his life and bestowed the collection to the National Museum in the year 1920. However, there was no place to show it until the new museum was opened in the year 1994. Ulica M Konopnickiej 26 Telephone: (012) 267 2703. Website: www.manggha.krakow.pl Opening hours: Tues-Sun 1000-1800hrs. Admission charge; concessions available; free Sun. Nowa Huta (New Town) Though all traces of Communist rule are being systematically erased from the Old Town, those with an interest in ‘Real Socialist’ architecture can travel out of town to the model Soviet suburb of Nowa Huta. Tours are run by the PTTK Association (tel: (012) 643 7905). This ‘New Town’, with its wide boulevards, geometrically ordered streets and imposing buildings, extends from the Central Square. Yet while it characterises Communist architectural style, it also displays the Poles’ resistance to certain features of Communism – as can be witnessed by the Church of the Virgin Mary Queen of Poland (designed by Wojciech Peitrzyk), constructed between 1967 and 1977 in the Bienczyce Quarter. Not everything in Nowa Huta is brand new. The Church of St Bartholomew (located at ulica Klasztorna, just in front of the 18th century Cistercian Abbey), built by Maciej Maczka, dates from 1466 and is Poland’s only surviving example of a medieval wooden church. Now part of the European Culture Programme, the church houses some very beautiful 14th century wall paintings and a sculpture of Jesus. According to a local belief, hair is said to grow from the head of the statue. The church is open 24 hours a day. Also worth visiting is Centrum, the Gallery of Nowa Huta Cultural Centre, located at aleja Jana Pawla II (tel: (012) 644 2863). Nowohuckie Centrum Kultury (Centre of Culture in Nowa Huta) Aleja Jana Pawla II 232 Telephone: (012) 644 0266. Website: www.nh.pl or www.nck.krakow.pl |
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(Reindirizzamento da
Kraków)
Cracovia (in polacco Kraków, in tedesco Krakau, denominazione completa Królewskie Stołeczne Miasto Kraków - Città Reale Capitale di Cracovia) è una città (757.500 abitanti nel 2001) della Polonia, una delle più antiche ed estese dello stato. È situata a 214 m s.l.m., sulle due sponde del fiume Vistola, ai piedi della collina di Wawel, nell'area meridionale della Piccola Polonia (Małopolska). È capoluogo del relativo voivodato dal 1999; in precedenza è stata capoluogo del Voivodato di Cracovia fin dal XIV secolo. Inoltre è un grande centro commerciale e industriale (stoffe, pelli, macchine agricole, cartiere, editoria) e un importante nodo ferroviario. Cracovia è stata a lungo la capitale del paese, e a tutt'oggi rimane il suo principale centro culturale, artistico e universitario. Con più di sette milioni di visitatori ogni anno, è la principale meta turistica internazionale della Polonia.
[modifica] Cracovia oggiL'architettura gotica, rinascimentale e barocca della Città Vecchia (Stare Miasto) è mirabile testimone della lunga e gloriosa storia di Cracovia: al centro del nucleo medievale, conservatosi quasi completamente intatto, vi è la grande Piazza del Mercato (Rynek Głowny), attorno alla quale sorgono bellissimi palazzi dei secoli XVII e XVIII, alcuni dei quali di impronta veneta, la torre civica del Municipio, il grande Mercato dei Tessuti (Sukiennice) e soprattutto la chiesa di Santa Maria, del XIV secolo, con l'altare ligneo di Veit Stoss e l'alta torre da cui ogni ora viene suonata la celebre "chiamata a raccolta". Attorno alla Città Vecchia correva una possente cinta muraria completamente abbattuta, ad eccezione di un breve tratto superstite contiguo alla porta di San Floriano e al Barbacane, durante la dominazione austriaca. Sul suo antico tracciato oggi sorge il bellissimo giardino del Planty. L'altro nucleo storico di Cracovia sorge a sud della Città Vecchia, sulla collina di Wawel (residenza dei re di Polonia fino al XVII secolo), dove si trovano le più importanti vestigia: la chiesa dei Ss. Felice e Adaucto (IX secolo), il Castello con il cortile rinascimentale degli architetti fiorentini Francesco della Lora e Bartolomeo Berecci, la Cattedrale, che racchiude le tombe dei re polacchi a partire dal Trecento e la cappella funeraria del re Sigismondo I, d'impronta italiana al pari della chiesa barocca dei Santi Pietro e Paolo, la più bella dell'Europa centrale nel suo genere. Ad Oriente della Città Vecchia sorge il quartiere di Kazimierz, il centro della vita religiosa e sociale della Cracovia ebraica fino alla deportazione di massa della comunità locale avvenuta durante l'occupazione nazista. Cracovia ospita numerosi eventi artistici ogni anno, alcuni di risonanza internazionale, come il Festival dei Cortometraggi, la Biennale della Grafica, e il Festival della Cultura Ebraica. Vi sono inoltre numerosi teatri, tra cui:
Cracovia - La Piazza del Mercato
Altare ligneo di Veit Stoss
A Cracovia risiedono inoltre 28 tra musei e gallerie d'arte, come il Museo Nazionale (Cracovia) ed il Museo Czartoryski (Muzeum Czartoryskich). Nelle vicinanze le zone di interesse includono la miniera di sale in Wieliczka, i Monti Tatra, la città storica di Czestochowa, il campo di concentramento nazista di Auschwitz, e il Parco Nazionale di Ojcow. Cracovia è inoltre il centro principale per la formazione delle nuove classi dirigenti polacche. Ad oggi si contano 12 istituzioni di formazione universitaria, con circa 10000 corsi e 150 000 studenti. Famosi artisti moderni vivono a Cracovia, tra i quali vi sono:
[modifica] Quartieri storiciLe zone più antiche di Cracovia, unite alla fine del XVIII secolo sono
Le zone aggiunte nel diciannovesimo e ventesimo secolo includono:
[modifica] Distretti amministrativi
Cracovia - Il cortile del castello di Wawel
[modifica] Storia
Veduta sulla città vecchia
[modifica] MedioevoIl più antico insediamento presente nella zona della odierna Cracovia fu realizzato sulla collina di Wawel, e risale al IV secolo. La leggenda attribuisce la fondazione della città ad un mitico re Krak, che la stabilì sopra una grotta occupata da un vorace drago. Prima che esistesse lo stato polacco, Cracovia era la capitale della tribù dei Vistoliani, probabilmente legata alla politica della Moravia Superiore. La prima citazione di Cracovia nei documenti storici risale all'VIII secolo, nel quale si annotava che il principe dei Vistoliani era battezzato.
Cracovia
Dopo la distruzione della Moravia Superiore da parte degli Ungheresi, Cracovia divenne parte del regno di Boemia. Al termine del X secolo, la città era uno dei più grandi centri di scambio commerciale dell'area. In questo periodo fu assorbita nei possedimenti della Dinastia Piast polacca. Furono costruiti numerosi palazzi in muratura, tra cui un castello, chiese in stile romanico, una cattedrale, una basilica e la Chiesa di San Felix ed Adaukt. Nel 1038, Cracovia divenne la sede del governo polacco. Duecento anni dopo fu quasi totalmente distrutta dall'invasione dei tartari. Nel 1257, la città fu ricostruita, e rimase praticamente inalterata fino ad oggi. Ricevette inoltre lo statuto di città secondo la Legge di Magdeburgo. Il 1311 segna la rivolta dei cittadini di lingua tedesca di Cracovia, interessati nel mantenere i legami commerciali con Boemia, ma la fazione tedesca non riuscì a soddisfare le sue ambizioni politiche e cominciò ad amalgamarsi con la realtà polacca. Cracovia divenne di nuovo un centro di luce culturale nel 1364, quando Casimiro III di Polonia fondò l'Università di Cracovia, la seconda in Europa centrale dopo l'Università di Praga. Una scuola religiosa, sotto la direzione del Vescovo della città, esisteva comunque sin dal 1150. La città continuò a crescere sotto la dinastia lituana Jagellone (1386-1572), che conservò una stretta cooperazione con la casa imperiale Asburgo del Sacro Romano Impero. Come capitale di uno potente, divenne un centro fiorente per la scienza e le arti. Molte opere del Rinascimento furono create in questo periodo. Nel 1475 i delegati dell'elettore Giorgio il Ricco di Baviera vennero a Cracovia per organizzare il matrimonio di Jadwiga, la figlia del re Casimiro IV Jagellone con Giorgio il Ricco. Jadwiga viaggiò per due mesi per raggiungere Landshut in Baviera, dove fu celebrata una elaborata cerimonia, il Matrimonio di Landshut (Landshuter Hochzeit)
[modifica] Il Rinascimento
Cattedrale del Wawel
Sinagoga vecchia a Kasimierz
Nel 1488 il poeta e umanista Conrad Celtes fondò la Sodalitas Litterarum Vistulana, una società letteraria basata sulla struttura e gli intenti delle Accademie Romane. Nel 1489 Veit Stoss di Norimberga terminò il suo lavoro sull'Altare Grande della Chiesa di Santa Maria. Più tardi incise anche un sarcofago marmoreo per Casimiro IV. Numerosi artisti, principalmente provenienti da Norimberga, lavorarono a Cracovia. Dal 1500, Haller stabilì una tipografia nella città. Nel 1520, Johan Behem realizzò la più grande campana da chiesa della Polonia, chiamata la Campana di Sigismondo, in onore del re Sigismondo I. Nello stesso periodo Hans Duerer, il fratello minore di Albrecht Duerer, fu il pittore di corte di Sigismondo. Hans von Kulmbach realizzò l'altare per la Chiesa di San Giovanni;
[modifica] DeclinoNel 1609 Sigismondo III trasferì la capitale a Varsavia, meglio situata per governare tutto il Paese. Per la mancanza della corte reale cominciò il declino di Cracovia, che poi veniva anche numerose volte devastata da diverse armate.
[modifica] Dopo la spartizione della Polonia
Il Sukiennice (Cloth Hall, palazzo del tessuto) a
Cracovia
Al termine del XVIII secolo, lo stato polacco, ormai indebolito, venne assorbito dalle nazioni vicine, preponderanti dal punto di vista politico-militare nell'Europa centro-orientale: la Russia, l'Austria e la Prussia. Cracovia divenne parte della provincia austriaca della Galizia. Tadeusz Kosciuszko organizzò una rivolta, nella zona del mercato di Cracovia nel 1794. L'esercito russo-prussiano soffocò la rivolta saccheggiando il tesoro reale polacco conservato nella città. Quando Napoleone Bonaparte invase quella che una volta era la Polonia, stabilì un Ducato di Varsavia (1807) come stato indipendente, ma subordinato all'impero francese. Il Congresso di Vienna (1815) ristabilì la spartizione della Polonia, conferendo però l'indipendenza a Cracovia, come capitale della Repubblica di Cracovia. La città cominciò a concentrarsi sull'indipendenza nazionale, sfociata nella Rivolta di Cracovia del 1846. I moti non raggiunsero il loro obiettivo di coinvolgere le altre terre abitate da Polacchi, fu quindi soffocata e Cracovia perse la sua autonomia con la sua annessione all'Austria. Dopo la Guerra Austro-Prussiana del 1866, l'Austria concesse l'autonomia alla Galizia, stabilendo che il polacco fosse impiegato come lingua di governo e installando una dieta provinciale. Espressosi in queste forme, il dominio austriaco fu molto più morbido di quello esercitato dalla Russia e dalla Prussia; Cracovia divenne il faro della nazione polacca e un centro di arte e cultura. Tra i pittori, poeti e scrittori dell'epoca, è possibile annoverare Jan Matejko, Stanislaw Ignacy Witkiewicz, Jan Kasprowicz, Juliusz Kossak, Wojciech Kossak Stanislaw Wyspianski e Stanislaw Przybyszewski. Gli ultimi due furono i capofila del modernismo polacco. [modifica] XX secolo
Cracovia
Durante la Prima Guerra Mondiale, le truppe di Cracovia, guidate da Jozef Pilsudski si batterono per la liberazione della Polonia, in alleanza con le forze austriache e tedesche. Nonostante la sconfitta degli imperi centrali, i termini del Trattato di Versailles (1919) stabilirono il primo stato sovrano polacco da oltre un secolo. La Polonia fu poi spartita nuovamente nel 1939 con la Campagna di Polonia, casus belli della Seconda Guerra Mondiale, e le forze naziste entrarono a Cracovia a settembre dello stesso anno. Divenne così capitale del Governatorato Generale, una autorità coloniale guidata da Hans Frank. L'occupazione fu pesante, soprattutto per l'identità culturale della città. Oltre 150 professori e studiosi della Università Jagellonica vennero convocati per un incontro, arrestati e inviati in un campo di concentramento a Sachsenhausen (vedi anche Sonderaktion Krakau). Molte reliquie e vestigia della cultura nazionale furono distrutti o saccheggiati. Vennero stabiliti nelle vicinanze di Cracovia due tra i più tristemente famosi campi di concentramento: Plaszow e Auschwitz. Grazie alla manovra di avanzamento delle forze sovietiche, Cracovia scampò dalla completa distruzione, ed alcuni palazzi storici e capolavori vennero salvati. Al termine del conflitto, in ogni modo, il governo della Repubblica Popolare di Polonia ordinò la costruzione di Nowa Huta, la più grande acciaieria dello stato. L'obiettivo era quello di ridurre l'influenza dei circoli intellettuali ed artistici attraendo le masse operaie. Nel 1978, l'UNESCO ha inserito la città nella sua prima lista dei siti patrimonio dell'umanità
Corpus Domini
Cracovia
Cracovia
[modifica] SportCi sono due circoli sportivi importanti: il KS Cracovia (il club più antico della Polonia, fondato nel 1906) e il Wisla Cracovia. Le due squadre sono tra le più importanti della Polonia; Il KS Cracovia è campione di Polonia nell'hockey sul ghiaccio (2006), e il Wisla è il vicecampione nel calcio (2006).
[modifica] Città gemellate
[modifica] Voci correlate
[modifica] Altri progetti
[modifica] Collegamenti esterni
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