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| Roma Italia. La Ciudad de las Siete
Colinas. Nuestro guia turistico de Roma lo explica todo... Roma es la capital de Italia y una de las ciudades más importantes del mundo desde un punto de vista cultural. Roma es, la ciudad del Tiber, del Teatro, del Circo, es la ciudad que durante siglos fue la capital de Europa, una condición que hoy en día es aún visible en sus edificios más emblemáticos. Roma es una ciudad imperial, que fue inmensa y que sigue siendo grande, es la ciudad de las siete Colinas, que un día fue capital del Imperio Romano, y hoy en día es la capital del país, de Italia. Se ubica en la región del Lacio o Lazio, y el Río Tiber, y cuna de la civilización occidental. Roma es a día de hoy el destino turístico de millones de viajeros que no quieren dejar pasar la ocasión de visitar esta ciudad, sus templos, sus monumentos, sus ruinas romanas, entre las que destacan el gran circo, las catacumbas, o la Plaza de San pedro, donde se ubica el estado Independiente de El Vaticano. Roma es una ciudad acogedora, que cuenta con un importante número de posibilidades de alojamiento, desde hoteles a apartamentos, casas en zonas alejadas del centro, apartamentos en el centro, hostales, etc… todo lo necesario para asegurar su alojamiento en esta ciudad |
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| _____________Origen de Roma El origen del nombre de la ciudad, según la leyenda, proviene de los gemelos Rómulo y Remo, quieres fueron abandonados al nacer y amamantados por una loba. Dice la leyenda que cuando crecieron, Rómulo mató a su hermano, y fundó esta ciudad. Pero otras teorías más creíbles hablan de que Roma proviene de Río, era la época de la Antigua Roma y lo primero que se quedó claro fue el nombre, el de Roma. Roma es la ciudad de las siete colinas, un destino ideal para disfrutar de nuestras vacaciones, y disfrutar del sol, de sus monumentos, de sus agradables temperaturas, un lugar donde no tendremos problemas para alojarnos en sus numerosos hoteles de todo tipo, o apartamentos con vistas al Coliseo romano o a el Vaticano. |
| ___________Cosas que hacer en Roma durante sus vacaciones en la ciudad de
las siete colinas Roma es una de esas ciudades donde si enumeramos todas las cosas que se pueden hacer y las cosas que se pueden ver no habría espacio para ponerlas todas. Pasar sus vacaciones en Roma es encontrarse con una lista interminable de cosas que ver y de cosas que hacer, fundamentalmente culturales, con visitas a monumentos. Hablar de cosas que hacer en Roma nos lleva, en primer término, a hablar de monumentos, ninguna visita a Roma es una visita si no recorre lugares como la Plaza de San Pedro, y visita la Santa Sede, el Vaticano, un pequeño estado dentro de Roma, en el corazón de la ciudad donde encontramos la Basílica y la Capilla Sixtina, una de las obras cumbre del Renacimiento y de todos los tiempos. Pero para monumento emblemático en Roma tenemos otro, el gran coliseo romano, testigo de numerosas batallas y luchas entre gladiadores hace casi 2000 años. Pero Roma no es sólo el Vaticano y el Coliseo, las Termas, las vistas desde algunas de las siete colinas, el Foro Romano, la Columna del Emperador Trajano, el Museo Nacional Etrusco o la Basílica de San Pablo son algunos de los monumentos que podemos visitar durante nuestras vacaciones en Roma, también hay otros no menos importantes, pero que son menos visitados, pero también totalmente recomendables. Si dejamos a un lado el arte y la cultura, que es más del 60% de cosas que podemos hacer en Roma, nos podemos dedicar a visitar lugares, como la Piazza Navona, o la Piazza Della Spagna, dos de los enclaves más importantes de la ciudad, donde además podremos salir a cenar a un restaurante, y posteriormente disfrutar de la vida nocturna. Durante el día, también podremos ir de compras. Si está varios días en Roma, y está cansado de la ciudad y quiere romper la monotonía, puede disfrutar de una visita a Tivoli, localidad cercana, o a los lagos de Bracciano y Martignano, dos de los enclaves naturales más importantes que puede encontrar en Roma y en su entorno. Son muchas más las cosas que ver y las cosas que disfrutar durante sus vacaciones en Roma, no diga que no tiene nada que hacer en esta ciudad y no lo piense más, reserve su alojamiento aquí y planifique ya sus vacaciones en Roma!!!. Las termas de Caracalla, las catacumbas, la fuente de las Tortugas, Piazza Spagna o Piazza Navona, la ciudad del Vaticano y sus monumentos, la Plaza de San Pedro, el Foro romano, el Coliseo... son cientos las cosas que ver o hacer en Roma, cosas como ir de compras o salir a disfrutar de la vida nocturna y por supuesto, visitar sus monumentos. _____________Pasear por la Plaza de España en Roma Italia La Plaza de España, en Roma, es una plaza que cuenta con mayor renombre de la ciudad, es una de las plazas más destacadas que podemos encontrar en la ciudad de Roma, así como la más conocida. Piazza di Spagna es el lugar donde encontramos la embajada española. En esta plaza encontrará numerosas posibilidades de disfrutar del arte y de la historia romana, lugares y posibilidades como la escalinata que mandó construir Benedicto XIII en el XVIII, La Fontana Della Barcaccia, una fuente realizada durante el barroco por Pietro Bernini, la columna de la Inmaculada Concepción, … La Plaza de España es uno de esos lugares que no puede evitar visitar durante sus vacaciones en Roma. ____________Recorrer el Coliseo Romano Roma Italia El Coliseo Romano es la obra cumbre del Imperio en la ciudad de Roma, una obra realizada alrededor del año 75 a.C, y que se desarrolló durante apenas 10 años hasta quedar terminado y ser uno de los Coliseos más grandes del mundo y el más grande del Imperio romano. El Coliseo se ubica en el centro de Roma, contaba con una capacidad para 50,000 espectadores y en el se puede sentir el retumbar y las grandes batallas 2000 años después. El Coliseo era un lugar en el que se peleaba a muerte, en el que gladiadores, fieras, esclavos, soldados luchaban en la arena hasta morir. Estas peleas conseguían enfervorizar a las masas, algo que tuvo lugar durante más de 500 años. El Coliseo se ha convertido hoy día en un símbolo y recuerdo de la Roma Imperial, de la época de mayor esplendor del imperio. Actualmente no hay visita a Roma que no pase por el Coliseo, y máxime cuando la UNESCO, en 1980, declaró todo el centro de Roma como Patrimonio de la Humanidad. También ha sido designado como una de las Siete Maravillas del Mundo. ________________Visitar el Foro Romano. Uno de los monumentos más impresionantes de Roma El Foro Romano era el lugar donde se desarrollaba la vida cotidiana y diaria en roma, era el lugar de comercio, de reuniones y debates, era un lugar donde la gente paseaba, hacía negocios, se veneraba a los dioses… hoy es una de esas maravillas que esconde Roma y que no podemos olvidar visitar. Hoy en día, si recorremos el Foro de Roma podemos entender muchas cosas de cómo era la vida en el antiguo imperio romano, podemos descubrir como vivían, en el encontraremos varios templos, como el que se erigió en honor a Rómulo, fundador de la ciudad, el de Venus, ewl de Sptimio Seveo o el Arco de Tito entre otros. El Foro durante siglos quedó enterrado bajo escombros, bajo ruinas, pero desde el Siglo XVI se iniciaron las excavaciones arqueológicas y hoy en día, la práctica totalidad de lo que un día fue el Foro Romano se encuentra visible al espectador, al curioso, al amante del arte y de la roma clásica. ___________Visitar la Capilla Sixtina Vaticano Roma Italia La Capilla Sixtina es el tesoro mejor guardado y que más vale la pena visitar de todos los tesoros culturales de Roma. Junto con el Coliseo, es sin lugar a dudas uno de esos lugares que todos queremos visitar, y donde se dirigen la mayor parte de los turistas que elijen Roma como destino de vacaciones. La Capilla Sixtina fue construida durante el papado de Sexto IV, y el gran Miguel Ángel fue el encargado de decorarla y de pintarla. Boticcelli y Signorelli, entre otros, también formaron parte del equipo de artistas que dejó esta obra monumental, en la que se representa el juicio final. En ella se pueden ver, por episodios, la historia de Moisés, la ceremonia, el paso del mar rojo, la llamada de los apóstoles, la Cena y el cristo entregando la llave a los apóstoles entre otros episodios de la Biblia. _________Visitar la Ciudad del Vaticano Roma Italia La ciudad del Vaticano es un estado independiente que es sede de la Iglesia de San Pedro, donde se ubica la Santa Sede. Está en la Plaza de San Pedro, en el centro de Roma, y es un estado independiente, residencia de papas. Estamos ante uno de los lugares de visita obligada durante sus vacaciones en Roma, un estado independiente, con el latín como lengua oficial, y cuya máxima autoridad es el Papa. Su extensión es de medio kilómetro cuadrado, y su población no llega a los 1000 habitantes. El Estado del Vaticano es donde está la Santa Sede, la capital de la Iglesia Católica en el mundo, un lugar cuya historia comenzó en el Siglo VIII y que hoy en día se ha convertido en uno de los destinos turísticos más importantes de Roma. Los lugares más destacados para visitar en el Vaticano son la Basílica de San Pedro, la Plaza de San Pedro, la Capilla Sixtina y los distintos museos que podemos encontrar dentro de este pequeño estado, como el de Arte Etrusco, o el Museo de Arte Egipcio. __________Visite las Termas de Caracalla Roma Italia Las Termas de Caracalla en la Roma del imperio no eran sino un complejo termal, de baños, donde los emperadores y la gente influyente de Roma se relajaba. Pese al expolio que han ido sufriendo a lo largo de los siglos, estas termas aún hoy día guardan un importante legado. Estas termas se construyeron alrededor del 215 después de Cristo, cuando el Imperio estaba bajo el mando de Caracalla. Desde sus orígenes se han denominado Termas Antoninas, después Termas de Caracalla. Son enormes bañeras de mármol, que en su día constituyeron los baños más grandes del Imperio, los baños de los césares. Eran baños de agua caliente, calentada por un complejo sistema de horno interior. _________Información de Interés Roma Italia Son muchas las dudas que nos asaltarán antes de plantearnos nuestro viaje a Italia, dudas que tendremos durante nuestras vacaciones en Italia, dudas que podremos resolver en esta sección. Es importante conocer como llegar a nuestro destino, conociendo que Roma cuenta con un aeropuerto Internacional de primerísimo nivel, así como importante es saber algunos datos de interés, como la moneda a usar, el idioma más común, y por supuesto, el clima que hace en Roma durante todo el año y cual es la mejor época para visitar la ciudad. Es variada y diversa la información que le ofrecemos aquí, desde como llegar a través del Aeropuerto de Fiumicino, o bien a través de carretera o de tren, a como moverse por la ciudad más monumental del mundo, a otros datos como la lengua, la moneda, etc.. ___________Como moverse por Roma Italia Roma es una ciudad algo caótica para conducir, por lo que le desaconsejamos la opción de alquilar un coche para moverse por la ciudad. La opción de alquiler de coche en Roma es buena para recorrer el país, la ciudad la puede visitar desplazándose en transporte público sin problemas. Roma es una ciudad algo caótica para conducir, por lo que le desaconsejamos la opción de alquilar un coche para moverse por la ciudad. La opción de alquiler de coche en Roma es buena para recorrer el país, la ciudad la puede visitar desplazándose en transporte público sin problemas. En Roma podrá disfrutar del autobús urbano, con paradas en todas las plazas y calles importantes. También la red de autobuses que le conecta con otras localidades cercanas es muy amplia. El metro también es una excelente opción de moverse por Roma, si bien los grandes restos arqueológicos de la ciudad han impedido un desarrollo de este medio de transporte como en otras ciudades europeas. El taxi también es una opción para moverse por la ciudad de las siete colinas. En Roma podrá disfrutar del autobús urbano, con paradas en todas las plazas y calles importantes. También la red de autobuses que le conecta con otras localidades cercanas es muy amplia. El metro también es una excelente opción de moverse por Roma, si bien los grandes restos arqueológicos de la ciudad han impedido un desarrollo de este medio de transporte como en otras ciudades europeas. El taxi también es una opción para moverse por la ciudad de las siete colinas. ____________Historia Roma Italia Roma, según las informaciones encontradas, fue fundada en el año 753 antes de Cristo. Desde el principio se mostró como una ciudad beligerante, primero con sus vecinos del norte y sur de Italia, con el objetivo de conseguir mujeres, después evolucionó creciendo hasta el siglo III d.C, época de esplendor del imperio romano. Desde entonces hasta nuestros días, estamos ante un pueblo que ha vivido innumerables episodios de la historia, una ciudad rica en acontecimientos, hasta convertirse, hoy día, además de la ciudad de las siete colinas, en toda una referencia turística mundial. Ya en sus orígenes los romanos demostraron que la fuerza no era lo único necesario para grandes logros, en el Siglo VIII a.C invitaron a todos sus vecinos a unos juegos y raptaron a sus mujeres. De esta época surgió el primer tratado, el de las Mujeres, que hicieron que sabinos y romanos se unieran. Tras la desaparición de Rómulo, fundador de Roma, Numa Pompilio toma el mando, era sabino, y Roma pone sus ojos en el resto de la península itálica, con pueblos como los latinos, los etruscos, los umbros, marsos… todos ellos fueron uniéndose a Roma, la lengua latina, común entre ellos, les beneficiaba. Roma, o el Pueblo sobre el Río, había nacido, y comenzó su expansión, desde el Siglo VIII a.C hasta el Siglo III a.C el Imperio había visto como sus dominios se habían extendido primero por la Itálica, después por la región de los bretones, el centro de Europa y la Península Ibérica. La leyenda de la loba Luperca, de Rómulo y de Remo había cuajado entre los romanos y se veía como un símbolo de fuerza. Alrededor de las siete colinas se gestó el avance de esta ciudad, los montes Capitolio, Quirinal, Aventino, Palatino, Viminal, Celio y Esquilino, las siete colinas romanas. Julio César derrotó en el Siglo V a su oponente, Pompeyo, y fue el primer gran emperador romano, Cleopatra le despistó de su objetivo imperialista y se fue a Egipto el gran emperador romano, mientras su imperio crecía. En estos últimos siglos antes de Cristo, Roma ve como se construye el gran coliseo romano, donde le pueblo se divertía con sangrientas peleas entre gladiadores y esclavos, o entre esclavos y fieras, el esplendor de roma continuaba, y no fue hasta pasados III siglos de nuestra era cuando comenzó su decadencia. En el Siglo IV Alarico saqueó la ciudad, la Roma Cristiana había pasado a ser pontificia, y fue entonces cuando se comienzan a construir basílicas. En el Siglo X una nueva invasión, esta vez de los normandos, vuelve a dejar la ciudad tocada. A lo largo de la historia de los siglos XII y XIII la ciudad vuelve a tener algunas mejoras, mejoras con la construcción de palacios públicos y de nuevos edificios religiosos. Con Julio II se amplió el Vaticano y se construye la Capilla Sixtina. Era el Siglo XIV y un joven Miguel Ángel es el encargado de tal obra en el vaticano. Tras el renacimiento, en el Siglo XIX se produce la unificación del Reino Italiano bajo el mando de Victor Manuel II. En el Siglo XX, tras la primera guerra mundial, la ciudad y todo el país cae en manos del fascismo, de Benito Mussolinni que en una alianza con Hitler lleva al país a la destrucción en la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Desde entonces a nuestros días Roma ha crecido como ciudad, conservando su legado histórico que no es poco, y siendo, a día de hoy, una de las ciudades más importantes desde el punto de vista turístico cultural del mundo, es una ciudad que cuenta con numerosas posibilidades de alojamiento, con hoteles, hostales, apartamentos en Roma para alquilar durante sus vacaciones, ya sea en el centro o en las afueras, así como casas y chalets disponibles. ____________Monumentos Roma Italia Roma es una ciudad que cuenta con numerosos monumentos, sobretodo de la época del Imperio Romano, la época de los Césares. El más emblemático e importante de todos ellos no es otro que el coliseo, el más grande de los anfiteatros que se construyeron en la época del Imperio. El Coliseo fue construido en los primeros años de nuestra era, en él los gladiadores se batían ante la mirada de 50,000 romanos que disfrutaban con esta matanza. El Foro Romano, donde se debatían las cuestiones importantes era otro de los lugares importantes, además del Panteón, la Columna de Trajano, las Catacumbas o las Termas, todos ellos monumentos cuyas ruinas se pueden visitar hoy día. De la época del Renacimiento y del Barroco tenemos otros edificios y plazas, como la Plaza Navona o la Plaza del Campidoglio, del artista Fiorentino Miguel Ángel, uno de los artistas más importantes de la historia de Italia. El casco antiguo de Roma es otro monumento en si mismo, desde 1980 es Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO. El Vaticano, en la Plaza de San Pedro, es otro de los monumentos ilustres de Roma. La Basílica de Santa María la Mayor, el Palacio Pio, la Basílica de San Pablo y la Plaza de España son otros de los lugares que no puede perderse en Roma. La Cúpula del Vaticano y la Capilla Sixtina, así como la Basílica de San Pedro en el Vaticano son los monumentos más destacados de este pequeño país dentro de Roma. En la ciudad, el Coliseo, el Foro Romano o la Columna de Trajano son algunas de las maravillas que no nos podemos perder en esta ciudad con tanta historia. |
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Hotel in Rome from a low Price to High,please see the Stars from one Star to
five _______________ www.papido.it :::::::::::::Ristoranti Roma Acquanegra Ristorante Italiano Largo Teatro Valle, 9 - Roma Scheda del Locale Cafè Corrientes Argentino Via Enrico Cravero, 22/24 - Roma Scheda del Locale Co2 Ristorante Italiano Largo Teatro Valle, 4 - Roma Scheda del Locale Crudo Ristorante Italiano Via degli Specchi, 6 - Roma Scheda del Locale La Pampa Ristorante Italiano Via Collatina Vecchia, 127 - Roma Scheda del Locale Le Sorelle Ristorante Italiano Via Gallia, 190 - Roma Scheda del Locale Naboo Ristorante Italiano Via P.Cossa, 51/b - Roma Scheda del Locale Nazca American Lounge Via del Gazometro, 40/42 - Roma |
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Scheda del Locale Zen Sushi Restaurant Giapponese Via degli Scipioni, 243 - Roma Scheda del Locale ___________Thanks to www.travelpuppy.com Guida Di Corsa De Roma
________________TEATRO IN PORTICO
__________Noleggio Scooter _______________Galleria Doria Pamphili Capodanno a Roma L A S T M I N U T E |
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five Questo articolo è rilasciato sotto i termini della
GNU Free Documentation License RomaDa Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.
Il Colosseo, uno dei simboli della città Roma, è la città capitale della Repubblica Italiana (2.547.677 abitanti al 31 dicembre 2005), il capoluogo della Regione Lazio e della provincia di Roma. È il comune più popoloso d’Italia, mentre la sua area metropolitana, con circa 3.300.000 abitanti, è la seconda d’Italia dopo quella di Milano. È, grazie alla sua storia millenaria, una città unica ed una delle più visitate al mondo. Nel 1980 il centro storico, le proprietà extraterritoriali della Santa Sede nella città e la Basilica di San Paolo fuori le mura sono state dichiarate patrimonio dell'umanità dall'UNESCO; nel 1990 sono stati inclusi i beni compresi entro le mura di Urbano VIII.
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GeografiaConosciuta universalmente come l'Urbe o la Città eterna, Roma sorge sulle rive del fiume Tevere ed il suo nucleo storico si sviluppò sulle colline in corrispondenza dell'ansa in cui si trova l'isola Tiberina, unico guado naturale del fiume. Sono i celebri sette colli: Palatino, Aventino, Campidoglio, Quirinale, Viminale, Esquilino e Celio. Sia a destra che a sinistra del fiume si trovano rilievi di modesta entità, che rappresentano i resti dell'antico apparato vulcanico complessivamente denominato Vulcano Laziale, come i monti Tiburtini e i monti Prenestini, mentre i più vicini sono i Castelli romani tra i quali svetta il Monte Cavo. La valle del Tevere è in genere larga circa 3 km, ma, in prossimità
dell'isola Tiberina, si restringe a meno di 1 km. Roma è attraversata anche da un altro fiume, l'Aniene, che confluisce nel Tevere in territorio urbano.
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TerritorioIl comune comprende molte borgate e frazioni, tra cui Ostia, cresciute nella prima metà del '900 in seguito alle demolizioni attuate dal Fascismo nei rioni storici, e nel dopoguerra in seguito a massicce immigrazioni a Roma, principalmente provenienti dalle zone e regioni confinanti, ma non solo. La superficie del Comune è vastissima, avendo inglobato vaste zone abbandonate da secoli, spesso paludose e inadatte all'agricoltura, e non appartenute ad alcun municipio. Il Comune di Roma governa, attraverso 19 Municipi, un'area che per dimensione è paragonabile alla provincia di Milano o a quella di Napoli; ma l'intero agglomerato urbano della città (comune e area metropolitana) è terzo in Italia per superficie e popolazione (dopo le aree metropolitane di Milano e Napoli).
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Storia
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Popolazione e lingua
La popolazione ha sempre parlato il romanesco che però, come la maggior parte dei dialetti italiani, non ha alcuna ufficialità. Il romanesco, come tutte le lingue, si è evoluto negli anni, tanto che, per esempio, il Belli (prima metà del 1800) usa delle forme linguistiche che non vengono utilizzate da Trilussa (inizio '900). Questa evoluzione non ha alterato profondamente il dialetto almeno fino agli anni cinquanta, a partire dai quali Roma fu meta di ingenti migrazioni dalle altre regioni italiane. Il dialetto subì allora contaminazioni soprattutto dall'italiano formando la parlata che spesso si sente : il cosiddetto "romano moderno". Oramai il dialetto romanesco come era quello del Belli è praticamente scomparso, poiché ha perso molte delle sue parole e modi di dire a favore dell'italiano, ma su di esso si è sviluppato un tipo di dialetto che, se è utilizzato correttamente in tutte le sue caratteristiche piú tipiche, è una parlata allegra e vivace di cui i romani vanno molto fieri. La forte immigrazione degli anni Cinquanta, oltre a riflettersi sul linguaggio, ha cambiato le componenti della popolazione: al "romano de Roma", di origine romana, si sono affiancati i nuovi arrivati. Capita così che spesso nelle famiglie oggi più che il romano si parli l'italiano o, al più la lingua nazionale con leggere influenze dialettali.
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Amministrazione, suddivisioni, rioni e quartieri
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Frazioni
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Suddivisioni
Per scopi amministrativi e per aumentare la decentralizzazione, il grande territorio del comune di Roma è stato ufficialmente diviso in 19 Municipi. Ogni Municipio riunisce parti di diversi quartieri. I rioni invece sono le ripartizioni in cui è suddiviso il centro storico. L'istituzione dei rioni risale all'Antica Roma, e il loro numero è cresciuto con la crescita della città. Tutti tranne uno (Prati) si trovano all'interno delle Mura aureliane. Il comune di Roma utilizza sia la divisione in quartieri che in zone.
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I rioniPiazza del Campidoglio (Campitelli) Santa Maria Maggiore (Esquilino) Palazzo di Giustizia (Prati) Via della Conciliazione (Borgo) Piazza del Popolo (Campo Marzio) Vittoriano (Trevi) Fontana di Nettuno (Parione) Piazza della Repubblica (Castro Pretorio) Roma vista dal Giardino degli Aranci (Ripa)
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I quartieriDopo l'istituzione dell'ultimo Rione, Prati, per i successivi allargamenti dell'area urbanizzata si iniziò ad usare il termine di "quartiere". Attualmente a Roma esistono 35 quartieri.
Esistono ulteriori suddivisioni ufficiali ed inoltre moltissimi altri toponimi di uso corrente.
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Città gemellateIn ordine alfabetico:
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Trasporti e mobilità urbanaVigile urbano in Piazza Venezia Il miliarium
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Trasporto su stradaLa città è al centro di una struttura radiale di vie di comunicazione che ricalcano le direttrici delle antiche vie consolari, che partendo dal Campidoglio congiungevano Roma antica a tutti gli angoli dell'Impero. Il punto di partenza delle strade che partono da Roma - il km 0 fisico - rimane il miliarium, la colonna un tempo dorata e posta nel Foro, ora di marmo e posta in cima alla Cordonata. Lo spazio urbano, un tempo delimitato dalle mura, è oggi definito dall'anello esterno di raccordo tra le vie di penetrazione, il Grande Raccordo Anulare.
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Trasporto su ferroEssendo posta al centro della penisola, Roma è anche il principale nodo ferroviario dell'Italia centrale. Le direttrici di traffico sono 4 e ricalcano - almeno nella parte iniziale del percorso - il tracciato delle principali consolari: quella tirrenica (Roma-Genova, lungo la via Aurelia), quella verso nord (Roma-Firenze-Bologna, lungo la via Salaria), quella adriatica (Roma-Pescara, lungo la via Tiburtina) e quella meridionale (Roma-Napoli, lungo la via Appia). Le principali stazioni sono Roma Termini (che è la stazione ferroviaria più grande e trafficata d'Europa con più di 600'000 transiti giornalieri, con al suo interno un centro commerciale, chiamato "Forum Termini", di oltre cento negozi), Roma Tiburtina (dove è previsto l'arrivo della nuova linea ad Alta Velocità/Alta Capacità), Roma Ostiense, Roma Trastevere, Roma Tuscolana, Roma S. Pietro.
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Trasporto aereoLa città è servita attualmente da tre aeroporti:
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Trasporti pubblici urbaniLinee della A e B metropolitana di Roma Roma è attualmente dotata di due linee di metropolitana, aperte nel 1955 (Linea B) e nel 1980 (Linea A), che servono gli assi di traffico est-ovest (linea A) e nord-sud (linea B). Altre linee sono in costruzione (linea B1 e linea C) e in progettazione (linea D). La lunghezza totale attuale è di 38 km. Le due linee si intersecano solo in un punto, alla stazione di Roma Termini. Il sistema dei trasporti pubblici urbani integra anche una ventina di stazioni urbane della rete ferroviaria. Le più utilizzate sono Roma Tiburtina, Roma Tuscolana, Roma Trastevere, Roma San Pietro, Roma Nomentana, Roma Nuovo Salario, Roma Magliana, Roma Muratella, Roma Aurelia. Nelle stazioni interne fermano sia i treni a media percorrenza (lunga nelle stazioni Termini, Ostiense e Tiburtina) che i treni metropolitani (detti "trenini effeemme"), che sono parte integrante del trasporto urbano e si possono prendere con il relativo biglietto ATAC. Esiste inoltre una linea espressa che collega la città all'aeroporto di Fiumicino. L'altro ramo del servizio di trasporti pubblici urbano è costituito dalla rete ATAC di autobus, tram e filobus (ritornati in uso nel 2005). La forte presenza di macchine negli ultimi decenni ha portato alla creazione di una zona a traffico limitato nella parte centrale del centro nei giorni lavorativi dalle 6 alle 18. Il traffico anche durante la notte ha poi portato alla creazione di un'altra zona a traffico limitato notturna in Trastevere e S. Lorenzo, e ci sono progetti per allargarla al quartiere di Testaccio. I parcheggi sono sempre più spesso convertiti a pagamento, e allo stesso tempo sono pochi, ma si continuano a costruirne di sotterranei. La situazione del traffico romano è comunque difficile per molte cause, come ad esempio:
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EconomiaPalazzo dell'ENI, sede nazionale Palazzo dei Congressi nell'EUR Sviluppatasi inizialmente intorno all'artigianato dei rioni e successivamente all'amministrazione pubblica (statale, regionale, provinciale, comunale) e agli enti parastatali storicamente presenti nella città, Roma possiede oggigiorno un'economia dinamica e diversificata che produce l'8% del PIL nazionale (più di ogni altra città della nazione) e continua a crescere con un tasso superiore alla media nazionale, nel periodo 2001-2005 l'incremento è addirittura dell'undici per cento. Oltre ai servizi ed all'indotto generato dalla presenza delle strutture amministrative, è l'edilizia a rappresentare il settore economico più importante per la città. Questa, da un lato ha comportato la crescita scriteriata delle periferie romane (dando luogo alla figura "professionale" dei palazzinari) e dall'altro ha favorito lo sviluppo di alcuni tra i più grossi gruppi nazionali del settore. Ovviamente, anche il turismo rappresenta una delle voci più importanti per il bilancio cittadino, perché l'offerta culturale di Roma non ha eguali nel mondo: oltre il 16% dei beni culturali mondiali si trovano a Roma (il 70% in tutta Italia). La città è anche il centro di molte istituzioni finanziarie (banche ed assicurazioni), di centri di produzione televisiva e cinematografica (tra cui spicca la cittadella artistica di Cinecittà), di aziende operanti nella moda e nella pubblicità. La presenza di tre poli universitari, insieme ai dieci a carattere privato, recentemente ha favorito lo sviluppo di attività legate alla ricerca e ai servizi tecnologici avanzati. Forse inaspettatamente, a Roma è presente una forte realtà industriale, costituita di aziende di medio-piccole dimensioni, che si è sviluppata intorno ad alcuni poli di sviluppo, come la via Tiburtina o Acilia tanto da scavalcare Torino nel ruolo di secondo polo industriale. L'agricoltura e l'allevamento (soprattutto la pastorizia) stanno sempre più perdendo d'importanza, stante la connotazione sempre più urbana assunta dal territorio comunale, anche se non è infrequente ancor'oggi trovare greggi pascolare nelle zone periferiche della città. Roma è il comune d'Europa maggiore per le attività agricole.
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Media e telecomunicazioni
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Giornali
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Riviste
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TV
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Radio
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Educazione e culturaUno degli edifici de La Sapienza Roma continua ad essere il più grande centro di istruzione italiano con molte delle maggiori università del territorio:
Anche molte università private si trovano a Roma, come:
Sempre a Roma si trova l'Accademia di Santa Cecilia, la più antica accademia di musica al mondo (fondata nel 1584). La facoltà di Medicina e chirurgia "Agostino Gemelli" dell'Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore è anche la prima facoltà di Medicina italiana ad essersi dotata di un policlinico proprio. Inoltre sono presenti sedi di enti che hanno finalità (esclusiva o meno) di ricerca (lista da completare):
ed alcuni IRCCS
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Ricorrenze, Feste e FiereNotte Bianca all'EUR
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Monumenti e luoghi d'interesseGiovanni Paolo Pannini: Galleria di Roma antic Giovanni Paolo Pannini: Galleria di Roma moderna Il Pantheon Vista di Roma dalla Basilica di San Pietro Nel corso della sua storia, più di due volte millenaria, Roma ha accumulato notevoli tesori d'arte ed un patrimonio archeologico che non ha uguali nel resto del mondo. Questo aspetto della città è costituito da due caratteri principali storicamente e culturalmente differenti:
Innumerevoli sono i resti archeologici, gli edifici monumentali, le chiese,
le biblioteche, musei e gli istituti culturali. La formazione della città si può considerare conclusa con i grandi interventi urbanistici degli ultimi tre re di Roma, sotto i quali la città si sviluppa come centro urbano etrusco: in particolare la bonifica dell'area del Foro Romano mediante la costruzione della Cloaca Massima permise la creazione del centro politico, religioso e amministrativo della città, suddivisa in quattro regioni e dotata della prima cinta di mura. Dopo l'invasione gallica del 390 a.C. si ebbe la costruzione di una nuova cinta (le cosiddette mura serviane). A partire dal II secolo a.C. si moltiplicarono le costruzioni di nuovi edifici, che progressivamente venivano inseriti in piani urbanistici coerenti da parte dei personaggi che dominavano la storia politica e intendevano celebrare il proprio nome. Il fenomeno si accentuò ulteriormente nei primi due secoli dell'Impero romano, ad opera degli imperatori (Fori Imperiali, edifici pubblici grandiosi e splendidamente decorati come terme, teatri, anfiteatri, templi. Dopo la crisi del III secolo, che vide un quasi completo arresto dell'attività edilizia (con la significativa eccezione della costruzione delle mura Aureliane), una ripresa si ebbe in età tetrarchica. A partire dagli inizi del IV secolo, gli imperatori divenuti Cristianesimo, eressero le grandi basiliche cristiane (San Giovanni in Laterano e Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, costantiniane, e Santa Maria Maggiore e San Paolo fuori le mura nel V secolo) Il potere temporale dei papi ha poi riempito il territorio cittadino di chiese monumentali. Innumerevoli i resti architettonici sparsi nella campagna romana.
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Roma antica
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Basiliche patriarcaliSan Giovanni in Laterano San Paolo fuori le mura Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano
Basilica di San Paolo fuori le mura
Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano
Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore
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Fontane
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Chiese
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Altri luoghi di cultoA Roma, oltre a circa 900 chiese cristiane, per la maggior parte cattoliche, ma anche evangeliste, valdesi e di altre religioni cristiane, ci sono anche luoghi di culto di molte altre religioni, fra cui la più grande moschea d'Europa e una delle maggiori sinagoghe italiane.
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Ponti
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Mura di Roma
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Musei
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Palazzi
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PiazzeCampo de' Fiori Piazza del Popolo Piazza di Spagna Piazza Venezia
Piazza Farnese
Piazza della Minerva
Piazza del Quirinale
Piazza dell'Esedra o Piazza della Repubblica
Piazza della Rotonda
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Luoghi d'interesse
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AmbienteRoma ha al suo interno numerose aree verdi. Le aree protette sono: Area verde con laghetto nell'EUR
Inoltre sono presenti diversi giardini, molti facenti parte nel passato di dimore nobiliari: Il Tempio di Esculapio a Villa Borghese Villa Medici
Sono presenti numerose altre aree verdi e terreni dedicati all'agricoltura.
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SportHa ospitato le Olimpiadi del 1960 (vedi XVII Olimpiade). La città è ufficialmente candidata ad ospitare i Giochi Olimpici del 2016. (Roma 2016).
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Impianti SportiviLa cupola del PalaLottomatica
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CalcioOspita le gare interne della A.S. Roma, della S.S. Lazio, della Cisco Roma e della S.S. Lazio Calcio femminile.
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CiclismoRoma è stata varie volte arrivo di tappa del Giro d'Italia:
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PodismoOgni primavera ospita la maratona di Roma, l'evento sportivo con più alto numero di partecipanti in Italia ed una delle più importanti gare podistiche del mondo. La XIII edizione si terrà il 18 marzo 2007.
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PallacanestroOspita le gare interne della Virtus Pallacanestro Roma.
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PallamanoOspita le gare interne della S.S. Lazio.
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PallavoloOspita le gare interne della M. Roma Volley, militante nell'A1 maschile, della Virtus Roma e della Linea Medica Siram Roma entrambe militanti nel campionato di Serie A2 femminile.
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PallanuotoOspita le gare interne della squadra di pallanuoto di Roma e della S.S. Lazio.
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RugbyOspita le gare interne della Rugby Roma, della S.S. Lazio della US Primavera Rugby, della Net.Com Lazio & Primavera Rugby, dell'Unione Rugby Capitolina e della Nazionale Italiana durante il Sei Nazioni, quasi tutte allo stadio Flaminio.
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Curiosità su RomaSenatus PopulusQue Romanus
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Voci correlate
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Collegamenti esterni
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Enti romani
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Altri siti (alfabetico per descrizione)
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Bibliografia
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| Rome Travel Guide Rome Travel Guide and Rome Travel Information - TravelPuppy.com Situated on the River Tiber, between the Apennine Mountains and the Tyrrhenian Sea, the ‘Eternal City’ of Rome (Roma) was once the administrative centre of this mighty Roman Empire, governing a vast region that stretched from Britain to Mesopotamia. Today, it remains the seat of the Italian government and home to numerous ministerial offices but is superseded by Milan, in the north, for finance and business. The legendary beginnings of Rome are related in the tale of Romulus and Remus. Princess Rhea Silvia, ravished by Mars, gave birth to the twins and abandoned them to fate. The River Tiber carried them down to the Palatine Hill, where a she-wolf mothered the babes until their discovery by the shepherd. Romulus later killed Remus, before going on to found Rome in the marshy lowlands of seven hills. The anniversary of Rome’s foundation 21 April 753BC, is now marked by a public holiday. The historians’ version is no less astonishing. It traces the rise of the city from unimportant pastoral settlement and the earliest remains date back to the ninth century BC ruled over by a string of emperors. Rome saw a second period of development during the 15th-century Renaissance, when the Papacy took permanent residence in the city. Although Rome’s power has since waned, the city remains the essence of European civilisation. Ruins dating from Rome’s glory days lie within an area known as Roma Antica (Ancient Rome) and include the monumental Colosseum and the Foro Romano (Roman Forum), a crumbling legacy of pagan temples, broken marble and triumphal arches. Buildings from the Renaissance period are concentrated within the centro storico (the historic centre), situated between Via del Corso and the Tevere (River Tiber). Here, a labyrinth of narrow, cobbled side streets opens out onto magnificent piazzas presided over by Baroque churches, regal palaces and exquisite fountains. The romantic Piazza Navona with Bernini’s Fountain of the Four Rivers, Piazza di Spagna and the sweeping Spanish Steps, and the Trevi Fountain immortalised by Fellini’s La Dolce Vita (1959), all lie within walking distance of each other. Modern life continues amid this theatre of breathtaking monuments, as thousands of years of history are animated by more recent innovations, sophisticated boutiques, rowdy pizzerias and a merry-go-round of cars, and mopeds and buses. Across the river and to the west, lies the Vatican State which is home to the Pope and spiritual centre of the Roman Catholic Church. South of the Vatican, one finds the bohemian quarter of Trastevere, packed with trattorie and small wine bars. Further south still is the Testaccio district, renowned for nightclubs and live music. Tourism is a major source of income and tourists come and go during the year. The city is blessed with a warm Mediterranean climate, making Rome particularly pleasant to visit during the autumn and spring. In August, it is hot and sticky and when most of the locals head for the coast. Many shops and bars close for the summer break and the streets are quite empty save for visitors. Until recently, Rome was frequently criticised for being a chaotic and poorly maintained. However, celebrations for the year 2000 prompted the completion of a massive urban renewal scheme. Tons of scaffolding were finally dismantled to reveal beautifully restored facades, cleverly revamped museums and a rationalised public transport system. Today the citizens and tourists alike continue to benefit from the improvements carried out for the Jubilee celebrations during the Jubilee, when the Eternal City celebrated the fact that the millennium was 2000 years since the birth of Christ. ______________Rome Culture Guide Rome Culture Guide - TravelPuppy.com While Rome’s cultural life has been hampered by the vagaries of political squabbling and its inhabitants’ lack of passion in the arts in the past, there has been an increasing desire to step out of the shadows and into the limelight. High-profile international dance and theatre festivals, such as the RomaEuropa Festival which is held in October, and Rome’s new state-of-the-art auditorium are all helping to make this happen. Rome’s only official arts centre, the Palazzo delle Esposizioni, Via Nazionale 194, which combines cinema with dance and exhibition spaces, is closed until early 2004. However, major exhibitions have a spectacular venue in the Scuderie Papali del Quirinale, renovated by famous Italian architect Gae Aulenti and located opposite the Quirinal Palace (telephone number: (06) 3996 7500). Past shows have included one on the major works from St Petersburg’s Hermitage, Sandro Botticelli, and Rembrandt. Contemporary art or photography shows are also programmed. For those determined to try something a little less conservative seek out the Centri Sociali which is a non-profit, self-governing social centres set up by left-wing students during the 1970s, with support from the Italian Communist Party – which host the most radical concerts, films, theatre and dance events that Rome has to offer. Admission costs are at a minimum here, as are the prices for drinks at the bar. Centri Sociali attract an ‘alternative’ crowd aged 18-30 years old and vary from well-run places offering educational courses and Internet cafes to suburban squats. Tickets for cultural events are in demand and many are for subscribers only, so it is important for culture-keen visitors to rush to the box office with cash (not credit card) in hand some days prior to the performance. Price start at around €20. Ticket agencies may save some hassle. Orbis, Piazza Esquilino 37 (telephone number: (06) 482 7403), provides tickets for concerts, theatre and other sporting events. The weekly Roma C’è and Time Out Rome publications provide information on many cultural events throughout Rome. Music Rome has great plans for Renzo Piano’s new auditorium, which receivesd its official inauguration in December 2002. A ten-minute tram-ride from Piazza del Popolo, the auditorium or Parco della Musica (Music Park as it has been christened), features three halls with perfect acoustics and a large courtyard and is used for outdoor concerts and events. The tourist information office can provide more information. The, classical musical scene bases its reputation on two academies, the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia and the Accademia Filarmonica. Rome’s principal and most prestigious academy, the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia (telephone number: (06) 6880 1044) stages its own concerts or hosts visiting orchestras all year round at Auditorio Pio, Via della Conciliazione 4, while, during the summer, it graces the beautiful Renaissance courtyard of Villa Giulia, Piazzale di Villa Giulia 9, with performances. The Academia Filarmonica performs regular operas and concerts at the Teatro Olimpico, Piazza Gentile da Fabriano 17, Flaminio (telephone number: (06) 326 5991 ). Rossini and Verdi were once members of this academy (founded in 1821) that offers a varied programme of opera, chamber music and contemporary music. The Teatro dell’Opera di Roma, Via Beniamino Gigli 1 (telephone number: (06) 4816 0255), dominates the opera scene. The season runs from November to May. The box office opens two days before each performance. Free concerts (choral, chamber and organ recitals) are held in churches – including Sant’Ignazio, San Giovanni de’ Fiorentini, San Giovanni and Santa Maria Maggiore – during the summer months. Theatre The theatre season in Rome runs from October to May. The city’s official troop, the Teatro di Roma (telephone number: (06) 684 0001), is based at the prestigious Teatro Argentina, Largo di Torre Argentina 52 (telephone number: (06) 6880 4601), which hosts lavish productions directed by renowned directors. The Teatro Nazionale, Via del Viminale 51 (telephone number: (06) 485 498), is the permanent home of the Italian Theatre Board – ETI, which puts on light and fluffy comedies. Musical comedies are performed at the fashionable Teatro Sistina, Via Sistina 129 (telephone number: (06) 420 0711). Classical works are performed in the Teatro Valle, Via del Teatro Valle 23A (telephone number: (06) 6880 3794), and in the ETI-owned Teatro Quirino, Via Marco Minghetti 1 (telephone number: (06) 679 4585), whose varied programme includes the classics, contemporary work and Commedia dell’Arte. Fringe theatre is well represented at the Vascello, Via Giacinto Carini 72, Monteverde (telephone number: (06) 588 1021). Best of all are the open-air performances, which are held over summer in the lovely park, Giardino degli Aranci, Via di Santa Sabina, Aventino. Other venues are the Anfiteatro della Quercia del Tasso, Passeggiata del Gianicolo (telephone number: (06) 575 0827), with stunning views over the city, and the Teatro Romano di Ostia Antica, the Roman amphitheatre in Ostia Antica. Information and booking numbers are advertised on posters. Dance The Rome Opera Ballet performs at the Teatro dell’Opera di Roma, Via Beniamino Gigli (telephone number: (06) 481 601), where the regular diet of classical ballet is enriched with guest performances of internationally renowned dancers. The Teatro Olimpico, Piazza Gentile da Fabriano 17, Flaminio (telephone number: (06) 326 5991), has a strong dance season, ranging from classical to contemporary. Tickets for dance productions at the Teatro Argentina, Largo di Torre Argentina 52 (telephone number: (06) 6880 4601), are snapped up, so early booking is advised. Film Italy’s grand history in film has been centred in Rome since the Cinecittà (Cinema City), Via Tuscolana 1, was opened by Mussolini in 1937. Scenes from Anthony Minghella’s The English Patient (1996) and Jane Campion’s The Portrait of a Lady (1996) were both filmed in these studios but Italian cinema has failed to match the flowering of the 1940s, 50s and 60s. Among the greats are Rossellini’s Open City (1946) and Vittorio De Sica’s The Bicycle Thief (1948), depicting a harsh but touching picture of post-war Rome. Equally popular but highly romanticised was Jean Negulesco’s Three Coins in the Fountain (1954), which focused on the quest for love and the Trevi Fountain, and Audrey Hepburn’s Oscar-winning performance as a besotted princess in Roman Holiday (1953). However, it is Fellini’s films – Roma (1972) and La Dolce Vita (1959) – that have indelibly stamped images of Rome on the movie-goer’s mind. More recently Rome’s version of Woody Allen, Nanni Moretti, enjoyed considerable success at home and abroad with a film called Caro Diario (1993), which showed a beautiful and virtually empty Rome in August. Rome is blessed with over 80 cinemas and their numbers are increasing all the time. Tickets cost about €7 (prices are often reduced for matinee performances and on Monday evenings). The three-screen Nuovo Pasquino, Piazza San Egidio 10, Trastevere (telephone number: (06) 580 3622), shows English-language films daily. Metropolitan, Via del Corso 7 (telephone number: (06) 3260 0500), and Warner Village Moderno, Piazza della Repubblica 45-46 (telephone number: (06) 477 791), dedicate one of their screens to English-language films. Films are also shown in their original language on Monday evening at Alcazar, Via Merry del Val 14 (telephone number: (06) 588 0099), while Nuovo Olimpia, Via in Lucina 16G (telephone number: (06) 686 1068), shows original-language films regularly. There are numerous open-air showings in the summer, including Cineporto, Viale Antonio di San Giuliano (telephone number: (06) 324 3903), close to the Olympic Stadium, and Notti di Cinema a Piazza Vittorio (tel: (06) 445 1208), which shows films daily in Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II during the months of July and August. Weekly showings and details of film festivals are set out in the weekly publication, Roma C’è or in the daily press. Cultural Events During the summer, from June to September, Estate Romana offers a lively schedule of outdoor cultural events in and around the city, from rock, ethnic and jazz concerts, through theatre performances and outdoor cinema, to dance lessons and other cultural events hosted in various Roman piazze and gardens all over the town. As home to the Vatican, religious celebrations are important in Rome. The Pope makes an annual appearance at the Colosseum on Good Friday evening and delivers Midnight Mass at St Peter’s on Christmas Eve. Literary Notes There is nothing like Ovid’s Ars Amatoria (Art of Love – circa 16-25BC) for bringing Rome to life, with its vivid depiction of a trip to the Colosseum, the site of flirtation and grandiose spectacle. Those interested in the political intrigue may turn to I Claudius and Claudius the God (1934), Robert Graves’ portrayal of ancient Rome, or the more measured tones of Gibbon’s History and Decline of the Roman Empire (1782). The dramatic poetry of Virgil’s Aeneid (19BC), evokes the glory of the Roman Empire, blessed and cursed by the Gods. The Romantics had a soft spot for Rome; indeed Rome is the place where Keats breathed his last and the Keats-Shelley Memorial House is situated here (see Key Attractions). The tragic tale of Beatrice Cenci, beheaded in 1599 outside Castel Sant’Angelo for plotting to kill the father who had raped her, inspired Shelley’s play The Cenci (1886). ___________ Rome Festival - Events Rome Festivals and Events Guide - TravelPuppy.com Epifania – La Befana (Epiphany) Day of present-giving to Roman children, 6th January, throughout the city. Carnevale Children dress up and a few nightclubs put on special parties, the week before Lent, at various venues. Festa di Primavera (Spring Festival) Held late March-early April, at the Spanish Steps. Settimana Santa & Pasqua (Holy Week and Easter) Mass in St Peter’s Square on Saturday before Palm Sunday, services throughout Rome’s churches in Holy Week, and the Pope’s evening mass on Good Friday at the Colosseum. Good Friday Pope makes an appearance, 29 April at the Colosseum. Natale di Roma (Rome’s Birthday) 21st April with fireworks on the Aventine Hill. Festa della Liberazione Sombre festivities celebrate the Allies’ liberation of Italy in World War II, 25 April, Mausoleum of the Ardeatine Caves and Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Piazza Venezia. Festa del Lavoro (Labour Day) Free rock concert on 1st May,located outside basilica of San Giovanni. Mostra dell’Antiquariato Antique fairs, mid to the end of May, Via dei Coronari, near Piazza Navona. Fiera d’Arte di Via Margutta Art fair held over a four day period during May, Via Margutta 9. Estate Romana (Roman Summer) Music, dance, literature and film events, June-September in Rome’s parks and courtyards. Tevere Expo Arts and crafts fair, late June-late July, along River Tiber. Festa di San Giovanni Pope leads the way to the basilica of San Giovanni in Laterano, 23 June in Laterano. San Pietro e San Paolo Public holiday in honour of Rome’s two patron saints on 29th June, church service at Basilica of San Paulo Fouri le Mura. Roma Alta Moda Haute couture collections, mid-July, Piazza di Spagna and smart hotels. Festa di Noantri Markets and fireworks in honour of Madonna del Carmine, two weeks mid-July in Travestere. Mostra dell’Antiquariato Antique fairs, mid-end October, Via dei Coronari, near Piazza Navona. Fiera d’Arte di Via Margutta Four-day art fair, late October, Via Margutta. Mercato di Piazza Navona Market stalls selling food and craft items in Piazza Navona, mid-December until 6th January. Immacolata Concezione (Immaculate Conception) Mass by the Pope, 8th December, Santa Maria Maggiore. Midnight Mass Pope delivers mass, 24th December, St Peter’s Basilica. Messa di Natale (Christmas Mass) and ‘Urbi et Orbi’ Blessing 25th December, St Peter’s Basilica. Veglia di Preghiera (Prayer Vigil) the passage to the new year, 31st December, St Peter’s Basilica. San Silvestro/Capo d’Anno (New Year’s Eve) 31st December, festivities throughout city. _____________Rome Getting Around Getting Around Rome - TravelPuppy.com Public Transport Termini station is the main hub of Rome’s transport system. The city transport authority, ATAC (telephone numbers: (06) 4695 2027 or (800) 431 784; fax number: (06) 4695 2032; e-mail: clienti@atac.roma.it), operates the city’s large fleet of buses and trams. The network consists of 282 bus lines and six tram lines, which cover the entire city and run daily 0530 hrs-2400 hrs. After 2400 hrs, there are 22 night bus routes. Buses The regional transport authority COTRAL (telephone numbers: (06) 57031 or (800) 431 784) runs blue buses throughout the Lazio region. Night buses run daily 0000-0530 hrs, along 22 routes, which are marked on bus stops (fermata) and buses with the letter ‘N’. All tickets must be pre-purchased and are available for sale at ATAC counters, tabacchi (newsagents) and also at automatic ticket dispensers at metros. Tickets should be validated at the start of the journey (to avoid a hefty €51 fine). The cheapest ticket is the Biglietto Integrato a Tempo – BIT costs €0.77 and is valid for up to 75 minutes of travel on ATAC buses and trams, or for one trip on the suburban train lines or metro lines. Day (BIG) and week (CIS) passes – are valid on all transport in the municipality and are priced at €3.10 and €12.40 respectively. Monthly passes are also available. The BIRG pass covers a day’s worth of transport within the whole Lazio region, and prices are between €1.80 and €8 (depending on the number of zones covered). Rail Services There are three suburban railway lines departing from Termini, Ostiense and Flaminio stations, as well as Rome’s two metro lines (A and B), which cross at Termini station. The easily mastered metro service operates daily 0530 hrs-2330 hrs(until 2430 hrs Saturday). Plans to forge a new third line have been in the works for years but have not come any closer to fruition. Just extending the two existing metro lines proved to be trouble enough, with the uncovering of archaeological vestiges either postponing or preventing any advances. Taxis There are Taxi ranks located at various points around the city centre. Visitors are advised to use only the yellow and white official taxis. Surcharges are applied for each item of luggage and the night service (2200 hrs-0700 hrs), on Sundays, public holidays, and for airport transfers. While taxis may be called by telephone, the meter is turned on immediately after the call and not on pick-up. Tipping of 5-10 per cent is gratefully received, although Italians often do not bother with a tip. Companies include Radio Taxi 3570 (telephone number: (06) 3570), Cooperativa Samarcanda (telephone number: (06) 5551) and Taxi Tevere (telephone number: (06) 4157). Taxi hire costs, on average, €0.78 per kilometre (the price is higher out of town). Limousines Centrally located limousine companies include Autonoleggi Bevilacqua, Via San Nicola da Tolentino 20, Piazza Barberini (telephone number: (06) 483 756), which hires out limousines on an hourly or daily basis, and Airport Connection Service, Via A Fava 28/d, Zona Trionfale (telephone number: (06) 338 3221), which chauffeurs groups or single passengers to the airport but also hires out limousines for day use. Visitors can expect to pay from about €30 per hour. Driving in the City The interweaving paths of mopeds, pedestrians, trams, the erratic driving, a one-way system and the frequent traffic jams make the driving in Rome an experience which is best avoided. The authorities have reacted to traffic congestion and the ensuing pollution, by cutting off large areas of the city centre to non-resident traffic during business hours, and – to a lesser extent – in the evening. Exceptions are usually made for visitors driving to their hotel. Car Parking Parking is as problematic as the driving in Rome. Pay-and-display meters charge about €1 per hour (although the fee may be waived in the evenings and at weekends). There are various underground car parks in the city and the one at Villa Borghese is open 24 hours. There are some free parking spaces but anything marked Sosta Vietata (no parking) is to be avoided as the municipal police have a nasty habit of towing away illegally parked cars and then charging a huge sum for their return. Unlucky owners should contact the municipal police (telephone number: (06) 67691). Car Hire Cars can be hired by drivers aged 21 years (23 with some firms) and above, on presentation of a passport and valid driving licence (held for at least one year). A cash deposit or credit card number is requested and a valid international insurance policy is also necessary. Full insurance is advised. A small car costs from around €70 per day to hire. Providers include Avis (tel: (199) 100 133), Europcar Italia (telephone number: (800) 014 410 or (06) 488 2854), Hertz (telephone number: (199) 112 211), Sixt (telephone number: (06) 659 651), and the locally based Maggiore (telephone number: (848) 867 067), all with various locations throughout Rome. Bicycle Hire Bicycles are available for hire at Bici & Baci, Via Viminale 5 (telephone number: (06) 482 8443). Scooters are available at Happy Rent, Via Farini 3 (telephone number: (06) 481 8185), and Roma Scooter Rent, Via in Lucina 13-14 (telephone number: (06) 687 6455), located off Via del Corso near the Parliament. RomaRent, Vicolo de’ Bovari 7A, near Campo de’ Fiori (tel/fax: (06) 689 6555), has bicycles, scooters and cars for hire. Bicycle hire charges are from around €3 per hour up to €15 per day, while scooters cost €35-48 per day. ______________ Rome International Airport Rome International Airport - TravelPuppy.com Address Rome Leonardo da Vinci (Fiumicino) Airport, Via dell’Aeroporto di Fiumicino 320, PO Box 68, 00050, Fiumicino, Italy Location The airport is located 26km (16 miles) southwest of Rome Country code 39 Airport code CWL Telephone (0)6 65951 Fax (0)6 6595 5707 Email info@adr.it Website www.adr.it Rome Leonardo da Vinci (Fiumicino) Airport Rome’s principal airport is also known as Leonardo da Vinci, is located 26km (16 miles) southwest of the city centre. Fiumicino handles numerous domestic flights within Italy, as well as international flights to all of the major European cities and destinations further afield, including New York, Singapore, Cairo, Buenos Aires and Moscow. Transfer between terminals A free shuttle service links the terminals with the long-term car parks. Major airlines Italy’s national airline is Alitalia (telephone number: (06) 65643). Other major airlines include British Airways, Air China, Air France, Canadian Airlines International, Continental Airlines, Japan Airlines, Lufthansa, Singapore Airlines and Delta Airlines. Approximate Flight times to Rome: From London is 2 hours 50 minutes From New York is 8 hours 20 minutes From Los Angeles is 14 hours 35 minutes From Toronto is 8 hours 5 minutes From Sydney is 23 hours 10 minutes Arrival/departure tax This is included in the airline ticket. Time Zone GMT + 1 hour (GMT + 2 from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October) Airport Facilities Money and communications Banks, bureaux de change, ATMs and post offices located in the terminal. Eating and drinking There are several restaurants and bars loacted at the airport. Shopping There are duty-free and other shops which include fashion, perfumes, jewellery and traditional Italian products. Luggage Left-luggage is available on the ground floor of the International Arrivals inf Terminal C and is open daily. A porter service is also available, and can be reserved in advance (telephone numbers: (0)6 6595 8364 or 6595 4054). A lost property office is situated on the ground floor of the Office Tower (telephone number: (0)6 6595 3343). Other facilities A first aid facility is available daily 24 hours. A prayer room, a chapel, and nurseries are also available. Information desks Information desks are located within each terminal. APT provides tourist information desks (telephone number: (0)6 65951). Information kiosks with touch-screen technology and videoconferencing with an operator are situated in Terminal A which is the Departures and Arrivals, Terminal B which is the Arrivals and Terminal C in the Arrivals area and the service is free of charge. Disabled Facilities Disabled passengers’ lounges are available within the terminals. When booking a flight, passengers with disabilities are asked to specify the type of assistance needed. Parking spaces for disabled passengers are available in the long-term car park and on the first level of multi-storey car parks B and C and the fourth level of car park D. Business Facilities There is an Executive Centre providing meeting rooms, videoconferencing facilities, multilingual secretaries, translation and interpretation services, as well as conference organisation. There are also several airline executive lounges located in all terminals. Transport to the city Rail The Leonardo Express train service to Rome’s Termini Station takes 35 minutes. Metropolitan Trains FM1 stop at local stations on the way to Tiburtina. Services also run to Fara Sabina, Poggio Mirteto and Orte. Road Taxi Taxis to the centre of the city are readily available; passengers should only take a licensed metered taxi. Bus Terravision Shuttle services run to Rome Termini and Tiburtina daily, with connections to the metro A line at Lepanto. COTRAL runs a night service to Rome Termini and Tiburtina daily. Car Hire Auto Europa, Avis, Europcar, Hertz, Italy by Car, Maggiore, Sixt and Targa Rent all have desks in the Domestic and International Arrivals halls. Airport hotels The Hilton Airport Hotel (telephone number: (0)6 65258) is the only hotel on the airport site; it is linked to the terminals and the airport train station by a covered overpass with travelators. Other hotels in the area include the Holiday Inn Rome Parco Dei Medici (telephone number: (0)6 65581) and the Sheraton Roma (telephone number: (0)6 54531), which is halfway between the airport and the city centre; both hotels offer a shuttle bus service to/from the airport. _____________Rome Nightlife Rome Nightlife - TravelPuppy.com Rome may not be the hippest of capitals, but for those who know the right places, it is possible to party all through the night. Romans go out late and the fun only really begins after dinner. The wine-bars and cafés lying between Campo de’ Fiori, Piazza Navona and Via della Pace are the places to be seen. Irish pubs have also become popular over the last decade. The largest concentration of nightclubs are to be found in the Testaccio district, where a plethora of small venues offer concerts and dancing. The gay scene is alive and kicking and accounts for many of the more avant-garde night spots. The weekly Roma C’è and monthly Time Out Roma publications have some excellent information on the nightlife in Rome. The legal drinking age in Italy is 16 years and the absence of licensing laws means that drinking is possible at all hours. Most of the wine-bars and birrerie stay open until 2400 hrs in the winter and 0200 hrs in the summer. However, in general, people are more interested in seeing and being seen and alcohol is almost an afterthought. The prices of drinks vary considerably and a glass of wine at the Vineria, Campo de’ Fiori, costs €2-5 (depending on the quality of the wine), while a cocktail in a nightclub could be from €10.50. Half a litre of draught beer usually costs around €4. Drinks and coffees are always cheaper when consumed standing at the bar! Romans tend to dress more casually than their counterparts in Milan and Florence, although most of the women do their best to look stunning for a night out. Bars The Vineria, loacted right in the middle of Campo de’ Fiori, is still very ‘in’ and makes a perfect rendezvous for an early evening drink. Customers range from well-known actors to local winos, although lately the atmosphere has become a little more wannabe. Just a few doors down at number 20 is the Drunken Ship, good for those in search of English-speaking ex-pats and tourists. Equally popular and rather more refined is Antico Caffè della Pace, Via della Pace 5, close to Piazza Navona. The cosy interior is adorned with antiques and the ivy-clad façade looks onto a notoriously popular summer terrace. For a romantic pre-dinner aperitif, take a table at Caffè di Marzio, Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere 15, and enjoy a glass of wine overlooking this beautiful piazza in the heart of Trastevere. Casinos Gambling is banned throughout Italy (with the exceptions of San Remo, Venice and Aosta). Clubs House music is a firm favourite here, although a number of the smaller more alternative clubs play rock and revival. In the summer, many clubs close, giving way to the countless unofficial outdoor venues that spring up around town and beside the sea near Ostia. The rich and famous frequent the Gilda, Via Mario dei Fiori 97, close to Piazza di Spagna. Disco music dominates the dancefloor, there’s a piano bar reserved for private parties and a well-run restaurant. In summer the establishment moves out to Fregene, on the coast, for Gilda on the Beach, Via Lungomare di Ponente 11. Some of Europe’s well known DJs play at Goa, Via Libetta 13, close to Mercati Generali and recent guests include the Chemical Brothers. House and jungle music predominate amid a sophistacted ethno setting with candles and mirrors, insence and flowers. Tuesday is gay night. Alien, Via Velletri 13-19, is brash and bold, with sexy dancers paid to gyrate to house, commercial and revival. Theme evenings include ‘Stardust’ (house, funk, trance and dance) on Fridays and ‘Gay ’Night’ on Saturdays. In Testaccio, Alibi, Via Monte Testaccio 39, is frequented by ‘gay and friends’ and plays mainly house music with occasional live concerts. Close by, Zoobar, Via Monte Testaccio 22, plays house, rock and new wave to a mixed and cheerful crowd. Dance The Teatro Olimpico, Piazza Gentile da Fabriano 17, Flaminio (telephone number: (06) 326 5991), has a strong dance season, which ranges from classical to contemporary. Tickets for dance productions at the Teatro Argentina, Largo di Torre Argentina 52 (telephone number: (06) 6880 4601), are snapped up, so early booking is advised. Film Italy’s grand history in film has been centred in Rome since the Cinecittà (Cinema City), Via Tuscolana 1, was opened by Mussolini in 1937. Scenes from Anthony Minghella’s The English Patient (1996) and Jane Campion’s The Portrait of a Lady (1996) were both filmed in these studios but Italian cinema has failed to match the flowering of the 1940s, 50s and 60s. Among the greats are Rossellini’s Open City (1946) and Vittorio De Sica’s The Bicycle Thief (1948), depicting a harsh but touching picture of post-war Rome. Equally popular but highly romanticised was Jean Negulesco’s Three Coins in the Fountain (1954), which focused on the quest for love and the Trevi Fountain, and Audrey Hepburn’s Oscar-winning performance as a besotted princess in Roman Holiday (1953). However, it is Fellini’s films – Roma (1972) and La Dolce Vita (1959) – that have indelibly stamped images of Rome on the movie-goer’s mind. More recently Rome’s version of Woody Allen, Nanni Moretti, enjoyed considerable success at home and abroad with a film called Caro Diario (1993), which showed a beautiful and virtually empty Rome in August. Rome is blessed with over 80 cinemas and their numbers are increasing all the time. Tickets cost about €7 (prices are often reduced for matinee performances and on Monday evenings). The three-screen Nuovo Pasquino, Piazza San Egidio 10, Trastevere (telephone number: (06) 580 3622), shows English-language films daily. Metropolitan, Via del Corso 7 (telephone number: (06) 3260 0500), and Warner Village Moderno, Piazza della Repubblica 45-46 (telephone number: (06) 477 791), dedicate one of their screens to English-language films. Films are also shown in their original language on Monday evening at Alcazar, Via Merry del Val 14 (telephone number: (06) 588 0099), while Nuovo Olimpia, Via in Lucina 16G (telephone number: (06) 686 1068), shows original-language films regularly. There are numerous open-air showings in the summer, including Cineporto, Viale Antonio di San Giuliano (telephone number: (06) 324 3903), close to the Olympic Stadium, and Notti di Cinema a Piazza Vittorio (tel: (06) 445 1208), which shows films daily in Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II during the months of July and August. Weekly showings and details of film festivals are set out in the weekly publication, Roma C’è or in the daily press. Live music For lovers of Jazz head for Big Mama, Vicolo di San Francesco a Ripa 18. It is notoriously cramped but attracts some good up-and-coming musicians, plus a few well known names. Likewise, Fonclea, Via Crescenzio 82A, in the Prati area (near to the Vatican), stages jazz and rhythm and blues concerts. There’s a late-night restaurant and the bar serves excellent cocktails and a wide selection of whiskeys. For more new or rarefied jazz sounds and ethnic music, try the very hip La Palma, Via Giuseppe Mirri 35 (near the Tiburtina metro stop). Nearby in Testacccio, Caffè Caruso, Via Monte Testaccio 36, hosts performances from local and visiting Caribbean, Cuban and Brazilian musicians, while the Villaggio Globale, Ex-Mattatoio, Lungotevere Testaccio, offers a good line in alternative and world music. For something quite different, visit the Centri Sociali (see the Culture page). One that is well known as a live music hotspot is Brancaleone, Via Levanna 11, where a decisively alternative and dressed-down crowd attends concerts, films, art exhibitions and club nights. The Circolo degli Artisti, Via Casilina Vecchia 42, offers an eclectic mix of reggae,rap, cyber punk and grunge. ___________ Rome Shopping Rome Shopping Guide - TravelPuppy.com Romans concur with the Parisians that it is better to be chic than shocking. Consequently, Rome’s shops are full of expensive and almost identical, fine clothes, leathers, shoes and bags. In winter, real fur is still de rigeur. Smart designer shops, where the sales assistants are at their snootiest and the price tags discreetly absent, are concentrated in the network of streets spanning out from the Spanish Steps. Of these, Via Condotti has most of the big names which include, Gucci, number 8, Max Mara, number 17-19A, Valentino, number 16, Louis Vuitton, number 15, Salvatore Ferragamo, numbers 65 and 73, and Giorgio Armani, number 77. Bulgari, number 10, displays glitteringly expensive watches, while Damiani, number 84, stocks alarmingly costly jewellery, worn by Jennifer Aniston in recent publicity campaigns. Nearby Dolce e Gabbana, Piazza di Spagna 82/3, offers slightly more entertaining but equally expensive gear. Fendi has a cluster of boutiques along Via Borgognona, numbers 36-39, with a wide range of furs, shoes, bags and their ready-to-wear collection. Other big names located here include Gianni Versace, number 25, Moschino, number 32A, Gianfranco Ferré, number 6, and Laura Biagiotti, number 44. In the same area, the recently-opened TAD conceptstore, Via Babuino 155A, which specialises in ‘ethnic-chic’, with departments ranging from furniture to flowers and clothing to music. There is also a hairdressers and a café. On neighbouring Via Frattina, number 23, the glorious Pineider stocks upmarket stationery and desk equipment. Less expensive buys are to be found in the high-street shops which line the Via del Corso, Via del Tritone, Via Nazionale and Via Cola di Rienzo. Alternatively, bargains are snapped up in the January and July sales. The antiques quarters are located along Via Margutta, Via del Babuino, Via Giulia, Via dei Banchi Vecchi and Via de’ Coronari (the pedestrian street organises fairs in May and in October when its stores are open late). Bric-a-brac and retro clothes are on offer at the increasingly popular flea markets, the best being Via Sannio (Monday to Saturday, 0730 hrs-1300 hrs) and Porta Portese (opening hours Sunday 0730-1300) Although there are supermarkets and shopping malls in Rome which includes the 100-shop Centro Commerciale Cinecittà Due, Viale Palmiro Togliatti 2, Tuscolana, the Roman shopping style is to visit the local fruit and vegetable markets (Monday to Saturday, 0700 hrs-1300 hrs) and to dip in and out of delicatessens. Luxury goods to take home may include assorted vinegar, truffles and olive oil. Castroni, Via Cola di Rienzo 196, sells the culinary riches from Italy’s regions and comforting imports from around the world (including baked beans). The well-established Trimani, Via Goito 20, was founded in 1821 and stocks an excellent selection of Italian wines. Smaller shops often close for lunch (1300 hrs-1630 hrs). Larger stores tend to stay open all day (0900 hrs-1930 hrs). Opening times can be confusing, and many food shops closed on Thursday afternoon (in the winter) and other shops not opening until the afternoon on Monday. Summer brings later opening hours (until 2000 hrs) but also Saturday afternoon closing and complete closure for at least a fortnight in August. Value-added tax (IVA) is 20 per cent on clothing and luxury goods. Foreign tourists from non-EU countries can claim a tax refund, provided they spend at least €155 at the same shop on the same day. Those who are eligible should ask the shop assistant for a receipt (with a description of the articles purchased) and a ‘tax-free cheque’. Upon departure from the EU (no later than 90 days after the date of purchase), these should be presented to customs. Global Refund can provide more information. _________________ Rome Sightseeing Rome Sightseeing Guide - TravelPuppy.com Overview There is simply so much to see in Rome with the beautiful Vatican City alone easily swallowing up an entire weekend. Most visitors are overwhelmed and remain torn between running from sight to sight in order to ‘see’ everything or lingering over a couple of monuments and museums. The latter option is strongly recommended. It is best to punctuate the cultural trips with ice creams, coffees and serene walks in the city’s parks and one of the loviest is the Villa Borghese. As for most holy sites, clothing that covers up midriffs, shoulders and legs is recommended, particularly when visiting the Vatican. The centro storico is the obvious starting point, with the greatest concentration of classical and Christian sites located in a fairly small space. Stumbling upon ancient frescoes, Renaissance fountains and beautiful piazzas are part of the pleasures of wandering through Rome’s streets. Rome has over 400 churches and four major basilicas, St Peter’s, St John Lateran, St Mary Major and St Paul’s. However, it is San Clemente, which is located on the Via San Giovanni in Laterano that encapsulates the multi-layered labyrinth of Rome. At street level, there is a 12th-century basilica with beautiful mosaics. Down another level is a well-preserved Roman basilica. Deeper still are more ancient Roman remains, until finally, at the lowest level, is the temple to the oriental cult of Mithras. The Ministry of Culture organises the Settimana dei Beni Culturali (Cultural Week; telephone number: (06) 67231), which is usually held in late March or early April and which allows free entry to all state-owned museums, public monuments and excavation sites. Tourist Information Azienda di Promozione Turistica di Roma (APT) Via Parigi 5 Telephone numbers: (06) 488 991 or 3600 4399 (call centre). Fax number: (06) 481 9316. Website: www.romaturismo.com Opening hours: Monday-Saturday 0900 hrs -1900 hrs. Other APT branches are at Termini station and Fiumicino airport and there are ten other green tourist information booths dotted around the city in strategic points (open daily 0930 hrs -1930 hrs). Another useful source of information is the Anglo-centric Enjoy Rome, Via Marghera 8A (telephone number:(06) 445 1843), near Termini station. The Ente Nazionale per il Turismo (ENIT), Via Marghera 2 (telephone number: (06) 49711), provides information on Italian areas outside of Rome and the Latium region. Passes Various tourist passes are available. Roma Caput Mundi, Piazza di Trevi 86 (telephone number: (06) 678 6136) run the Itinere Card, which is a booklet of tickets providing admission to a number of less known museums and archaeological sites which includes Capitoline Museum, Forum of Trajan and Trajan Markets, Circus of Maxentius, City Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Museum of Roman Civilisation and Museum of Folklore. The pass, valid for a week, costs €12.91 and can be purchased from Roma Caput Mundi. Roma Vision (telephone number: (06) 4695 4695) has now introduced a card called ReadyRoma. This one-week pass costs €41 and includes the Itinere Card, a tour by boat, a ride on a historic tram and two passes for buses that cover the city’s most interesting sites, including the catacombs on the Via Appia. They also offer cheaper one-day options. Cards are available from Roma Vision, who have stands at Termini station, Piazza del Colosseo, Piazza Santa Maria Maggiore and Piazza San Giovanni. Two other passes are the Museum Card and the Archaeological Card (telephone number: (06) 3996 7700, information). The first allows entrance to the National Roman Museum’s four sites which are Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Palazzo Altemps, Baths of Diocletian and Crypta Balbi. The second allows entrance to those sites plus the Colosseum, the Palatine, the Baths of Caracalla, the tomb of Cecilia Metella and Villa dei Quintilli. The passes cost €9 and €20 respectively and are valid for seven days from the first day of use and can be purchased from any of the participating monuments or museums. Key Attractions Foro Romano (Roman Forum) The Roman Forum is currently a heap of marble fragments, columns and floor layouts. An imagination is required to recreate the former marketplace that was the commercial, political, and social heart of ancient Rome and the symbolic centre of an Empire stretching to Greece, Carthage and Sicily. Fire, barbarians and pillaging builders in medieval and Renaissance times contributed to the Forum’s present state of disrepair but the Forum was only revealed during the excavation work of the 19th century. A bird’s-eye view is gained from behind Piazza del Campidoglio, while a closer look can be had from along Via Sacra that runs through the centre of the Forum. Among the best preserved and most fascinating monuments are the AD203 triumphal Arch of Septimius Severus which was built to celebrate victory over the Parthinians and the remains of Caesar’s rostra, from where his great speeches were declaimed. Another feature is the former atrium of the House of the Vestal Virgins and the adjacent Temple of Vesta, a circular building where the vestal virgins were entrusted in keeping the eternal flame alight. Just up from the Arch of Titus in the Forum is the Palatine where the palaces of the Roman emperors stood. Largo Romolo e Romo, Via dei Fori Imperiali Telephone number: (06) 699 0110. Transport: Metro Colosseo; bus to Via dei Fori Imperiali or Piazza Venezia. Opening hours: Daily 0900 hrs-1830 hrs (April-October), daily 0900 hrs-one hour before sunset (November-March). Admission: Free or €8 for a Palatine and Colosseum combined ticket. Colosseo (Colosseum) Located near to Via Sacra and the fourth-century Arco di Costantino (Arch of Constantine), lies the gigantic oval of the Colosseum at 186m (620ft) long and 153m (510ft) wide and about 47m (157ft) high. Emperor Vespasian began construction in AD72 and work was completed eight years later by his son Titus. It was the scene for entertainment that one can hardly understand with gladiatorial conquests between men, lions and wild beasts, with death guaranteed. The ‘games’ were finally outlawed in the fifth century. The stadium has been pillaged over the centuries and rocked by earthquakes. Today, only its skeletal framework remains, with the winding passages used to force animals up to the battlefield within the arena and formerly underground which is now exposed. Piazza del Colosseo Telephone number: (06) 700 4261. Transport: Metro Colosseo; bus to Piazza del Colosseo. Opening hours: Daily 0900 hrs-1930 hrs (April-October); daily 0900 hrs-two hours before sunset (November-March). Admission: €8 (ticket also allows entry to the Palatine). Pantheon One of the best preserved and most beautifully proportioned of Rome’s ancient monuments, the Pantheon has become an emblem of the city. Built by Hadrian between AD119 and AD128, as a temple to the gods, the Pantheon was converted to a Christian church in AD608 and the key to its miraculous survival. The radius of the dome is exactly equivalent to the height and a nine-metre (30ft) hole, known as the oculus, in the dome’s centre allows light into the building. Statues of the deities would once have decorated the interior. Now the focal point of interest is the tomb of Raphael. Most astonishing of all are the large brass doors, which belonged to the original Roman building. Piazza della Rotonda Telephone number: (06) 6830 0230. Transport: Bus to Largo Argentina or Via del Corso. Opening hours: Monday-Saturday 0830 hrs -1930 hrs, Sunday 0900 hrs-1800 hrs. Admission: Free. Cappella Sistina & Musei Vaticani (Sistine Chapel & Vatican Museums) An awe-inspiring glimpse of Michaelangelo’s depiction of The Creation is well worth the queues and crowds which go hand-in-hand with a visit to the Vatican City. Michaelangelo grudgingly accepted Julius II’s commission to paint frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel which was built as a private chapel of the popes between 1475 and 1480. Work began in May 1508, the frescoes were unveiled in August 1511, and completed in October 1512. 21 years later, a reluctant Michaelangelo painted the Last Judgement on the wall located behind the altar, adding his own aged face below the figure of Christ. Pope Pius IV was scandalised by the display of nudity and the offending genitalia had to be concealed by hastily painted loincloths and most have been removed during restoration work. In fact, the recent restoration of the Old Testament scenes has caused great controversy. Although eclipsed by Michaelangelo’s artistry, the Renaissance paintings that line the walls are fine works, created by the famous masters – including Michaelangelo’s own teacher called Ghirlandaio. The Vatican Museums alone could easily take a day or two of a trip to Rome. Highlights include the Stanze di Raffaello (Raphael’s Rooms), the Etruscan Museum, depicting Italy before the Romans, and the Pio-Clementino Museum which contains the world’s largest collection of Classical statues. Viale Vaticano 100 Telephone number: (06) 6988 4947. Fax number: (06) 6988 5061. Website: www.vatican.va or www.christusrex.org Transport: Metro Ottaviano; bus to Piazza del Risorgimento. Opening hours: Monday-Saturday 0845 hrs-1545 hrs with last entry at 1420 hrs (April-October); Monday-Saturday 0845 hrs-1345 hrs with last entry at 1220 hrs (November-March); last Sunday of month 0845 hrs-1345 hrs with last entry at 1220 hrs. Admission: €10, free last Sunday of the month. Basilica di San Pietro (St Peter’s Basilica) St Peter’s Basilica is located above a former shrine, which is said to mark the burial ground of the saint. Despite its venerable age of 1000 years, Pope Julius II pulled down the original structure in 1506 and with his architect Bramante in tow built a shiny new basilica. Construction lasted 120 years, during that time a team of architects and artists, including Alberti, Bramante, Raphael, Peruzzi, Sangallo the Younger and Michaelangelo, struggled over this enormous edifice. Michaelangelo was responsible for the huge dome and supporting drum but died in 1564, before work was finally completed in 1590. The basilica’s interior is an unashamed display of the power of the Church. Amid the grandeur and in the first chapel on the right lies Michaelangelo’s Pietà (1498/9). Arnolfo da Cambio’s bronze statue of St Peter (1296), in the central aisle, has become famed for its foot worn to a nub by pilgrims’ kisses. Bernini’s Throne of St Peter (1665), above the papal altar and made with bronze purloined from the Pantheon on the Pope’s orders, dominates the far end of the nave. Optional extras include a trip into the dome, the Vatican Gardens (pre-booked guided tours only), and the Vatican Grottoes, containing papal tombs. Access to the Necropolis below the Grottoes is allowed with written permission only. Piazza San Pietro Telephone number: (06) 6988 1662 (pilgrim and tourist information centre). Transport: Metro Ottaviano; bus to Piazza del Risorgimento. Opening hours: Daily 0700 hrs -1900 hrs (April-October); daily 0700 hrs-1800 (November-March). Admission: Free. St Peter’s Dome Opening hours: Daily 0800 hrs-1745 hrs (April-October); daily 0800 hrs-1645 hrs (November-March). Admission: €4 (without lift); €5 (with lift). Necropolis Opening hours: Applications should be made to the Ufficio Scavi (telephone number: (06) 6988 5318; fax number: (06) 6988 5518; e-mail: scavi@fsp.va) several days prior to visit. Admission: €9. Vatican Gardens/Vatican Guided Tours Office Teephone number: (06) 6988 4466. Fax numberl: (06) 6988 5100. Opening hours: Organised tours can be booked several days in advance. Admission: €9. Fontana di Trevi (Trevi Fountain) A string of legends surround the Trevi Fountain, which is located amid the labyrinthine streets off Via del Tritone. It is said that a virgin came across a three-way (tre-vie) spring, causing the original fountain to be built. More recently, Anita Ekberg immortalised the fountain in the famous scene of Fellini’s La Dolce Vita (1959). According to myth, a coin cast in these waters will ensure a return visit to Rome. The Baroque extravaganza was designed by Nicolò Salvi for Pope Clement XII and completed in 1762. The statues – representing Abundance, Agrippa, Salubrity, the Virgin and Neptune guiding a chariot drawn by sea horses, appear as a cast of characters performing a melodrama, with a Renaissance palace for their backdrop and craggy rocks in the foreground. Piazza di Trevi Transport: Bus to Piazza San Silvestro. Opening hours: Daily 24 hours. Admission: Free. The Spanish Steps and Keats-Shelley Memorial House The Piazza di Spagna district is little changed from 18th-century prints depicting the area which is still dominated by the elegant double steps known as the Spanish Steps. These were designed in 1723-26 by Francesco de Sanctis to link Via del Babuino with Via Felice – the first great street planned by Sixtus V (1585-90). Reminiscent of the grand ascent to the Sacré Coeur in Paris, the steps lead up to the 16th-century Trinitá dei Monti. From here, spectacular views over the city rooftops more than warrant the steep climb. The Spanish Steps acquired their name from the neighbouring Spanish Embassy but the area is more intimately associated with italy – even acquiring the name of Ghetto de l’Inglesi (English Ghetto). The tourists on the Grand Tour of the 18th and 19th centuries which included Keats, Shelley, Byron and the Brownings all helped to establish the district’s reputation as a cosmopolitan artistic quarter. At the foot of the steps lies the boat-shaped Barcaccia fountain, designed in 1627 by Bernini. To the right stands the modest Keats-Shelley Memorial House, where 25-year-old John Keats died of tuberculosis in 1821. Exhibits include pictures and prints, private letters, an urn bearing Shelley’s ashes and a lock of Keats’ tawny red hair. Keats-Shelley Memorial House Piazza di Spagna 26 Telephone number: (06) 678 4235. Fax number: (06) 678 4167. Website: www.keats-shelley-house.org Transport: Metro Spagna. Opening hours: Monday-Friday 0900 hrs-1300 hrs and 1500 hrs-1800 hrs, Saturday 1100 hrs-1400 hrs and 1500 hrs-1800 hrs. Admission: €3. Piazza Navona This dramatic piazza which is lined with cafés and restaurants lies at the centre of the centro storico. Its oval shape follows the form of the former stadium, built in AD86, by Emperor Domitian. During the Renaissance, the site was floodedin order to stage mock naval battles. The piazza gained its current form in the mid-17th century, when Pope Innocent X commissioned Borromini to design the Church of Sant’Agnese. In front of the church Bernini built the Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi (Fountain of the Four Rivers), adorned with powerful figures representing the four great rivers of the world, the Nile, Danube, Ganges and Rio della Plate. Transport: Bus to Largo Argentina. Opening hours: Daily 24 hours. Admission: Free. Villa & Galleria Borghese Located just to the east of the Spanish Steps lies green relief from sightseeing, the sculpture-scattered gardens landscaped in the 17th century for Cardinal Scipione Borghese (nephew of Pope Paul V). This area includes the city zoo, Piazza di Siena arena, mock ancient temples, imitation medieval castles and an artificial lake. The pull of culture may be strong enough to lure the resting visitor into the Casino Borghese, a treasure trove of sculpture and antiquities, the Etruscan Museum in nearby Villa Giulia, with its remarkable sarcophagus of the reclining ‘Bride and Bridegroom’ from Cerveteri, or the Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Moderna e Contemporanea. However, the Galleria Borghese which is home to Bernini’s most famous work, Apollo and Daphne and should be seen first (ticket reservation is obligatory and visitors are only admitted every two hours). Galleria Borghese Piazzale Scipione Borghese 5 Telephone number: (06) 32810. Fax number: (06) 855 5952. Website: www.galleriaborghese.it Transport: Metro Spagna; bus or tram to Via Veneto. Opening hours: Tuesday-Sunday 0900 hrs-1900 hrs. Admission: €6.50 (reservation are required). Villa Giulia Piazzale di Villa Giulia 9 Telephone number: (06) 320 0562. Transport: Tram 3 or 19. Opening hours: Tuesday-Sunday 0830 hrs-1930 hrs. Admission: €4. Galleria Doria Pamphili The excessive wealth of the powerful Doria Pamphili family, a pillar of Rome’s papal aristocracy. The half-British sibling and heir recalls childhood memories of roller-skating along the parquet floor of the 18th-century ballroom – tiny indentations prove the truth of his story retold on the audio tape issued to guide you around. The rambling palace is still occupied and there are a number of the private apartments open to the public in the mornings only for a small additional fee. Works by Correggio, Caravaggio and Velázquez are on display here, as well as some amusing pieces by lesser-known artists. Piazza del Collegio Romano 2 Telephone number: (06) 679 7323. Fax number: (06) 678 0939. Website: www.doriapamphilj.it Transport: Bus to Piazza Venezia. Opening hours: Friday-Wednesday 1000 hrs -1700 hrs. Admission: €7.30. Campo de’ Fiori At dawn from Monday to Saturday, stall holders at Rome’s best-loved fruit and vegetable market set up their wares at Campo de’ Fiori. This down-to-earth square which is surrounded by tumbledown orange-ochre facades, is a far cry from the more grandiose piazzas of the centro storico. Here one encounters the friendliness and spontaneity for which Romani are so renowned. At sunset, some of the city’s liveliest and most authentic wine bars and trattorie place their tables out onto the cobbles and locals and visitors alike flock here to eat and drink below the stars. Campo de’ Fiori Transport: Bus to Largo Argentina. Opening hours: Monday-Saturday from dawn to dusk. Admission: Free. ______________ Rome Tours - Excursions Rome Tours Guide - TravelPuppy.com Walking tours Rome Walks offers a wide variety of group tours. With english speaking guides who are experienced in history of art. Departure will points vary, depending on the tour. They also can arrange personalised tours covering ‘off the beaten track’ sights. Group tours are offered several times a week and include the ‘Vatican City Walk’, which takes four-and-a-half hours and costs €35 (excluding €10 museum entrance fee) also the highly informative ‘Colosseum and Ancient City Walk’ at a cost of €25 excluding €8 Colosseum entrance fee. They can also arrange a variety of private tours (for groups of one to four), including the ‘La Dolce Vita’ in Rome, the catacombs or Nero’s Golden Palace. For those wishing to sample some Roman nightlife, the ‘Colosseum Pub Crawls’ leave every night from both the Colosseum Metro and the Spanish Steps at 2000 hrs. The €15 ticket includes free shots, drinks and entrance to a disco-bar at the end. Also Enjoy Rome (see Tourist Information) offers a number of walking and bike tours around Rome which start at €13. Boat Tours Tourvisa Italia, Via Marghera 32 (telephone number : (06) 446 3481), provides a 100-minute round trip boat tour from the bridge Ponte Umberto 1 (Piazza Navona) to Ponte Duca d’Aosta. Boats depart at 1100 hrs and 1630 hrs Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday (March to October), depending on the weather conditions. The air-conditioned Tiber II sails past the Vatican, Castel Sant’Angelo and under Rome’s bridges. The cruise costs €13 per person. Bus Tours The number 110 ATAC bus (telephone number: (06) 4695 2252, bookings and information) departs every half-hour (daily 0900 hrs-2000 hrs April-September or 1000 hrs - 1800 hrs October-March) from Piazza dei Cinquecento for a two-hour tour (with commentary in English) around Rome’s main sights (with 11 stops en route). Tickets and a leaflet outlining the itinerary are available in English at any tourist information office. The tour costs €7.75 or €12.91 if you want to get on and off the bus. There are also night tours. Other Tours Rome Duck Tours (tel: (020) 7928 3132) runs unconventional tours on an amphibious craft, which depart from County Hall and rumble through Rome’s streets, taking in Whitehall, Trafalgar Square and Buckingham Palace, before plunging into the River Thames for a 30-minute cruise. Single tickets for the 70-minute tour cost £16.50, concessions are available. Excursions for half day Ostia Antica A 40-minute train journey from Piramide station or a pleasant drive along Via del Mare, is Ostia Antica and Imperial Rome’s main port from the second to ninth centuries AD. It was founded in the seventh century BC, by King Ancus Marcius, and lay abandoned until excavations in the 19th century. The shoreline has now withdrawn three kilometres (two miles) away to the present Lido di Ostia and, at first glance, all that can be seen is a network of thoroughfares with the odd upstanding column. A few hours spent in this quiet spot and the imagination will conjure up the former thriving town and the day-to-day lives of its inhabitants. The main artery, the Decumanus Maximus, leads to an amphitheatre with fantastic acoustics, which is a perfect location for a peaceful picnic. Mosaics at the Forum of the Corporations depict the produce sold or trade practised, while the bar, Thermopiliu, with its wide marble counter and lively fresco, evokes leisure time. Temples to a host of deities summon up the religious life and the homes of Ostia’s inhabitants reveal mosaic interiors, while communal latrines are testament to more mundane activities. The museum displays coins, glassware and statues. The site (telephone number: (06) 5635 2830) is open daily 0830 hrs-1930 hrs (April-October) and daily 0900 hrs -1700 hrs(November-March). Admission costs €4. Excursions for a whole day Tivoli A 30km (20 miles) drive east of Rome along the A24 lies the hilltop town of Tivoli. Alternatively, travellers can take a COTRAL bus from Ponte Mammolo metro stop or a train from Termini or Tiburtina stations (direction Avezzano). Both stop at Tivoli. Conquered by the Romans in 338BC, the town became the prized spot upon which to build luxurious villas and homes for wealthy families. The Villa d’Este (telephone number : (0774) 312 070) is one such folly, built in 1550, according to the whim of art patron Cardinal Ippolito d’Este (son of Lucrezia Borgia). The state apartment is decorated with the swirling frescoes and paintings of Correggio, Da Volterra and Perrin del Vaga, while outside are the vast Renaissance gardens. Their fountains can only be described as kitsch and the Owl Fountain which was designed to echo the owl’s hoots and Fontana dell’Organo Idraulico, which imitated the organ’s burblings. More imagination went into the construction of the Villa Adriana or Hadrian’s Villa (telephone numbers: (0774) 382 733 or (06) 3996 7900, information and bookings), which has been included on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. Enough of the Canopus fountain – with its sturdy columns and statues overlooking a central pool – remains to evoke the peace of this domain and country retreat for Rome’s great military campaigner. It is thought that his favourite spot was the tiny island, cut off completely from the surrounding man-made pool (Teatro Marittimo) by an ingenious retractable bridge. The standard opening hours for both Villa d’Este and Villa Adriana are 0900 hrs -1930 hrs (ticket office closes at 1800 hrs). Admission to each site costs €6.50. |
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GNU Free Documentation License Esso utilizza materiale tratto da http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7 Cronologia/Autori: http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7&action=history من ويكيبيديا، الموسوعة الحرةهل تريدروما (شعب)؟
مدرج
كولوسيوم الروماني، أحد أشهر معالم روما وإيطاليا قاطبة
روما (بالإيطالية: Roma) هي عاصمة إيطاليا و أكبر مدنها. تقع في وسط دولة إيطاليا على ضفاف نهر التيفيرة و يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 2.555.000 نسمة. وهي عاصمة مقاطعة روما حوالي 3,615,972 نسمة ، وأيضا عاصمة إقليم لاتسيو حوالي 5,270,000. سميت نسبة إلى الرومان. كانت المدينة في العصور القديمة عاصمة اﻹمبراطورية الرومانية وأصبحت عاصمة إيطاليا الحديثة منذ 1871. هي عاصمة مقاطعة لاتيوم والتقسيم اﻹداري روما. لقرون عدة ، دعِيت روما المدينةَ الأبديةَ ، عنوان كَسبته كونها أحد أهم وأعظم المدنِ في الحضارةِ الغربية، فقد كانت عاصمة الإمبراطورية الرومانيةِ، ووهي الان القلب الروحي للكنيسةِ الكاثوليكية الرومانيةِ. و منذ 1871 هي عاصمةَ إيطاليا الموحدة تقع دولة الفاتيكان، أصغر دولة في العالم، داخل حدود مدينة روما. أضاف اليونسكو مركز مدينة روما القديم وكنيسة القديس بطرس ومدينة الفاتيكان لقائمة التراث العالمي. تتخذ كل من منظمة الأغذية والزراعة(الفاو) والصندوق الدولي للتنمية الزراعية و برنامج الأغذية العالمي من المدينة مقرا لها.
[تحرير] الجغرافيا
[تحرير] الموقع
منظر عام لروما، في المقدمة تظهر
المتاحف الفاتيكانية
تقع روما في وسط البلاد على نهر االتيبر، ليس بعيدا عن البحر الأبيض المتوسط. يبلغ معدل ارتفاعها عن سطح البحر حوالي 37 متر. تقع سلسلة جبال الأبروزي في شرق المدينة، في الشمال الشرقي تقع جبال سابينه وفي الجنوب تقع جبال الألبان. المدينة تقع في حوض التيبر، الذي يمر به كل من نهر التيبر ونهر أنينه متوحدين قبل دخولهم روما. بالنسبة لخطوط الطول والعرض فإن روما تقع على 41.53 درجة على خط الطول و12.29 درجة على خط الشرق. تدعى المنطقة الريفية التي تحوي روما بكامبانيا رومانا أو بشكل مختصر "كامبانيا". تحد مقاطعة روما من الشمال كل من مقاطعة فيتيربو ومقاطعة رييتي، من الشرق مقاطعة لاكويلا في ولاية أبروزي، من الجنوب مقاطعة فروسينونه ومقاطعة لاتينا.
[تحرير] التقسيم السياسي
خريطة للمدينة مع أسماء أهم مناطقها
تنقسم روما إلى 19 بلدية و155 منطقة. البلديات يشكلون ضواحي المدينة. تم إدخال تقسيم البلديات ال 19 فقط منذ التسعينات من القرن السابق. كانوا في السابق 20 بلدية، ولكن تم فصل بلدية فيوميشينو عن المدينة لتصبح مدينة مستقلة إداريا. ضواحي روما مرقمة بالأرقام الرومانية للدلالة على تاريخ روما العريق:
رئيس بلدية روما هو والتر فيلتروني الذي تم انتخابه للمرة الثانية في 28 أيار/مايو 2006 بنسية 61% من الأصوات. [1]
[تحرير] المناخيتأثر مناخ روما بموقع المدينة القريب من البحر الأبيض المتوسط. معدل درجة الحرارة على مدار العام تبلغ 15.5 درجة مئوية، بينما يبلغ معدل هطول الأمطار 880 ميلميتر. شهور يوليو وآب/أغسطس هم أكثر شهور السنة حرارة مع معدل درجة حرارة يراوح 24.5 و 24.7 درجة مئوية. كما يعد هذان الشهران أكثر شهور السنة جفافا بنسبة كمية هطول الأمطار: ما بين 14 و22 ميليمتر. الأشهر تشرين الأول/أكتوبر إلى كانون الأول/ديسمبر هي أكثر شهور السنة بنسبة هطول الأمطار حيث يبلغ المعدل ما بين 106 إلى 128 ميليمتر. أبرد الشهور هو شهر يناير بمعدل درجة حرارة يبلغ 6.9 درجة مئوية.
[تحرير] الإقتصادبعد الحرب العالمية الثانيةِ، طورت روما قاعدة عريضة مِنْ الصناعات ، المُنتَجات التقليدية مثل المنسوجاتِ والتذكارِ السياحيِ المزودة بموادِ مطبوعةِ، صناعة ازياء متطورِ، الصناعات الغذائية وصناعة الادوية ، صناعة الورق والمنتوجات المعدنية. اضافة إلى صناعة سينمائية هامة جداً. تعد روما نقطة وصل مركزية في نظامِ سكةِ الحديد في إيطاليا وهي مُرتَبِطةُ بالطريق السريعِ بالعديد مِنْ أجزاءِ البلادِ, ويعد مطار ليوناردو دا فينشي الدولي، الواقع قُرْب ساحلِ البحر، أحد أشد المطارات ازدحاماً في أوروبا, وهي مَخدومة ايضاً بشبكة لقطار الأنفاق .
[تحرير] التاريخ
[تحرير] التاريخ القديمتقول الأساطير بأن روما تأسست على يد رومولوس، بمساعدة أخيه ريموس، الذان كانت امهما هى ريا سليفيا كاهنه في معبد الاله فيستا الهه الموقد وفى يوم عند كانت ذاهبه إلى بستان الاله مارس ظهر لها في هيئه بشريه واغتصبها وكان من الفروض ان كاهنات المعبد عذراوات فسجنت ووضع الطفلان في صندوق والقى في النهر حتى استقر الصندوق على الشاطىء فراتهما ذئبه كانت قد وضعت فارضعتهما . قتل أخيه وأصبح أول ملك على المدينة. تشكلت الشعوب الرومانية القديمة في القرن الثامن أو التاسع قبل الميلاد، حينما أتت قبائل شمالية إلى عمق شبه الجزيرة الإيطالية لتستقر عند نهر التيبر. لعدة قرون على مر الزمن، كانت روما أهم مدينة في العالم الغربي، عندما كانت عاصمة الإمبراطورية الرومانية. مع ظهور الدعوة المسيحية وانتشارها، أصبحت روما مركزا للدين المسيحي ومقر باباوات الكنيسة الكاثوليكية. في العصور الوسطى وخاصة بعد انحطاط الإمبراطورية الرومانية، دخلت روما عهدا مظلما. سطع نجمها مجددا في عصر النهضة وأصبحت من خلال فناني وأدباء إيطاليا عاصمة سياسية لأوروبا.
[تحرير] العصور الوسطىكسبت روما، التي كان عدد سكانها 20000 نسمة فقط، معنى جديدا منذ عهد بيبين كعاصمة للدولة الكنائسية (Patrimonium Petri) وأضحت أهم وجهة للحجاج المسيحيين إلى جانب القدس وسانتياغو دي كومبستيلا. توج كارل الكبير في عام 800 على رأس الإمبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة على يد البابا ليو الثالث. بين 843 و849 فشلت محاولات المسلمين فتح المنطقة.
[تحرير] عاصمة إيطالياأصبحت روما بعد زوال الدولة الكنيسية عاصمة إيطاليا الجديدة في عام 1871. أنهى موسوليني أثناء حكمة ارتباط الدولة بالدين وفصل مدينة الفاتيكان سياسيا عن روما وأعلن استقالالها في الاتفاقات اللاتيرنية عام 1929. بعد إنتهاء الحرب العالمية الثانية غادر ملك البلاد إيطاليا وأعلنت جمهورية في 1946. أجريت الألعاب الأوليمبية الصيفية في روما في 1960.
[تحرير] روما اليوممعظم الإنشاءات الكبيرة التي تمت في المدينة بنيت في الضواحي الخارجية مثل منطقة ال E.U.R. بلاتسو ديل لافورو (قصر العمل). يسمح بشكل ضيق البناء داخل مركز روما، ذلك خوفا من التعرض لآثار المدينة العريقة. تجري الآن حفريات ضخمة في منطقة الميدان القديمة (حيث المدرج الكولوسيوم). بشكل عام فإن تأثير تاريخ المدينة على بناء واضح. كما أن أي مشروع لتطوير أو توسيع بناء مهم في المدينة يواجه معارضة، على سبيل المثال واجه مشروع بناء مصف سيارات تحت ساحة القديس بطرس عام 2000 معارضة شديدة. لذلك على عكس المدن الأوروبية الكبرى الأخرى فإن شبكة القطارات التحت أرضية (مترو) متواضعة جدا مقارنة مع مثيلاتها في أوروبا. خط المترو رقم 3 لم يتم استكماله لحد اليوم لهذا السبب. الحفاظ على نمط روما القديم أثر سلبا على الضواحي الخارجية للمدينة، فقد سمح البناء بشكل عشوائي أحيانا بعد انتهاء الحرب العالمية الثانية مما أنتج صورة بنائية غير جميلة في هذه المناطق. كما أن وجود عدد كبير من الكنائس في مركز المدينة وارتفاع مصاريف الحفاظ عليهم جعل بناء ورعاية كنائس أخرى جديدة في الضواحي أمرا صعب التحقيق. مشروع "حمامات عامة للجميع" القديم أهمل وهو غير موجود في الواقع اليوم. تحسن وضع روما قليلا بعد انتخاب السياسي روتيلي من حزب الخضر في التسعينات من القرن السابق. تحت ولاية البابا يوحنا بولس الثاني عاشت المدينة أكبر تجمعين بشرين في تاريخها. الأول كان في القداس الذي أقيم أثناء فعاليات يوم الشباب العالمي ، حيث حضرها حوالي مليونان شخص. كما شارك ما بين ثلاثة إلى أربعة مليون نسمة في جنازته في 8 نيسان/أبريل 2005.
[تحرير] المدن المتآخيةهناك ثمان مدن متآخية مع روما:
[تحرير] المصادر
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GNU Free Documentation License Esso utilizza materiale tratto da http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC Cronologia/Autori: http://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC&action=history Рим
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Материал из Википедии — свободной энциклопедии
Рим (итал. Roma) — столица Италии, административный центр провинции Рим и области Лацио. Расположен на реке Тибр. Население — 2,6 млн человек. Рим — один из старейших городов мира, древняя столица Римской империи. Поэтому Рим часто называют «вечным городом». Также Рим называют «городом на семи холмах». Первоначально поселения располагались на холме Палатин, впоследствии были заселены соседние холмы — Капитолий и Квиринал. Несколько позже поселения появились на последних 4 холмах Целий, Авентин, Эсквилин и Виминал.
[править] ИсторияПо преданию, Рим был основан Ромулом и Ремом 21 апреля 753 г. до н. э. Ромул и стал его первым царём. Эту дату приводит историк Марк Теренций Варрон. До него римляне называли различные даты в промежутке между 758 и 728 годами до н. э. Древнейшие поселения из хижин, относящиеся к культуре железного века, скорее всего появились на месте Рима задолго до восьмого века до н. э. Они выросли на холмах вокруг долины, лежащей у реки Тибр, у места, где когда-то был брод. В древности ландшафт этой местности был изрезан холмами и, считается, что город возник на семи холмах — Авентин, Виминал, Квиринал, Капитолий, Палатин, Эсквилин и Целий. В течение сотен лет Рим был небольшим поселением в центре Апеннинского полуострова. Однако выгодное местоположение и агрессивная политика, вместе с рядом нововведений в военном деле постепенно вывели его на лидирующие позиции сначала в области, а потом и в регионе. Окончательным «экзаменом» на право первенства стали затяжные Пунические войны, которые город вел с Карфагеном. В результате этого столкновения Карфаген был в буквальном смысле стёрт с лица земли. После конец империи положили многочисленные вторжения извне германских и славянских народов, а также растущие сепаратистские тенденции внутри самого государства. В период Средних веков Рим вошёл разрушенным, потеряв всё свое могущество, но оставаясь резиденцией римских пап. Рим был захвачен: 1. 387 до н. э., когда галлы впервые захватили вечный город. 2. Вестготский король Аларих в 410 г. овладел Римом. 3. Германский король — Одоакр в 476 г. положил конец Западной Римской империи. Статус столицы Италии город вернул только в XIX веке после Рисорджименто и объединения Италии.
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[править] ТранспортРим располагает двумя современными международными аэропортами — это Aeroporto internazionale Leonardo Da Vinci — аэропорт имени Леонардо да Винчи и Ciampino aeroporto — аэропорт Чампино (более маленький, в основном обслуживает эконом-рейсы и рейсы авиакомпаний-дискаунтеров). В самом городе есть метро, маршруты автобуса, троллейбуса и трамвая. В 1955 году был открыт римский метрополитен.
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Города-побратимы:
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GNU Free Documentation License Esso utilizza materiale tratto da http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma Cronologia/Autori: http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=history RomaDe la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă
Roma este capitala Italiei. Situat pe malul fluviului Tibru, oraşul are o istorie îndelungată fiind de-a lungul secolelor capitala Republicii Romane, a Imperiului Roman, a Bisericii Romano-Catolice şi a Italiei moderne. Roma are o populaţie de 2.923.000 persoane. Aria metropolitană are o populaţie de în jur de 4 milioane. Este capitala regiunii Lazio şi a Provinciei Roma. Primarul Romei este Walter Veltroni. Roma este un important centru turistic. Printre monumentele cele mai faimoase se numară Colosseumul şi Columna lui Traian. O enclavă a Romei este şi statul Vatican, un teritoriu suveran al Sfântului Scaun situat într-un cartier roman. Este cel mai mic stat din lume, şi capitala singurei religii care are reprezentaţie în Naţiunile Unite (ca un stat observator non-membru). Roma, Caput mundi („Capitala lumii”), la Città Eterna („Oraşul etern”), Limen Apostolorum („Pragul apostolilor”), la città dei sette colli („Oraşul celor şapte coline”) sau pur şi simplu l'Urbe („Oraşul”),[1] este profund modernă şi cosmopolită. Ca unul dintre puţinele oraşe mari ale Europei care a supravieţuit celui de-al doilea război mondial relativ puţin afectat, centrul Romei rămâne renascentist şi baroc în esenţa sa. Centrul Istoric al Romei este pe lista UNESCO de Patrimoniu al Umanităţii.[2]
[modifică] GeografieRoma este situată în partea central-vestică a Peninsulei Italice, pe cursul inferior al fluviului Tibru, în regiunea Lazio.
[modifică] ClimăRoma are o climă tipică de tip mediteranean, ce caracterizează regiunile Italiei situate pe coasta mediteraneană. Cea mai plăcută climă este din luna aprilie până în iunie, şi de la mijlocul lui septembrie până în octombrie; în particular, ottobrata (se poate traduce ca „zi frumoasă de octombrie”) sunt cunoscute ca zile însorite şi calde. În luna august, temperatura din miezul zilei deseori depăşeşte 32°C; în mod tradiţional, multe afaceri se închideau în luna august, şi romanii obişnuiau să plece atunci spre staţiunile de vacanţă, dar această tendinţă începe să dispară, şi oraşul începe să devină complet funcţional de-a lungul întregii veri, datorită turismului în creştere şi schimbării mentalităţii de lucru a populaţiei sale. Temperatura maximă în decembrie este în medie de aproximativ 14°C.
[modifică] Istorie
Pentru detalii,
vezi articolul
Istoria Romeivezi
articolele [[{{{2}}}]] şi [[{{{3}}}]]vezi articolele [[{{{4}}}]],
[[{{{5}}}]] şi [[{{{6}}}]]vezi articolele [[{{{7}}}]], [[{{{8}}}]],
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[modifică] De la fondare la imperiuConform legendei, Roma a fost întemeiată de gemenii Romulus şi Remus pe 21 aprilie 753 î.Hr., şi dovezile arheologice sprijină teoria conform căreia Roma s-a dezvoltat pornind de la aşezări pastorale pe Dealul Palatin, construite în zona viitorului Forum Roman, şi care au stat la baza noului oraş în secolul VIII î.Hr.. Oraşul avea să devină capitala Regatului Roman (condus de o succesiune de şapte regi, conform tradiţiei), a Republicii Romane (din 509 î.Hr. - 27 î.Hr., guvernată de Senat), şi în final a Imperiului Roman (din 27 î.Hr., condus de un împărat); aceste succese au depins de cuceririle militare, de dominaţia economică, precum şi de asimilarea selectivă a civilizaţiilor învecinate, în mod notabil etruscii şi vechii greci. În anul 64 în timpul domniei lui Nero o mare parte a oraşului a fost mistuită de incendiu. Oraşul a fost reconstruit în timpul Flavilor mai ales în timpul împăraţilor Traian, Adrian şi Caracalla. De la fondarea Romei în 753 î.Hr., oraşul a rămas neînfrânt din punct de vedere militar (deşi a pierdut câteva bătălii), până în 386 î.Hr., când Roma a fost ocupată de celţi (unul dintre cele trei triburi principale ale galilor), şi apoi recuperată de romani în acelaşi an. Conform legendei, galii s-au oferit să returneze Roma populaţiei sale în schimbul a cinci sute de kilograme de aur, dar romanii au refuzat, preferând să-şi recapete oraşul luptând mai degrabă decât să recunoască o înfrângere. Dominaţia romană s-a extins asupra majorităţii Europei şi malurilor Mării Mediterane, în timp ce populaţia ei depăşea un milion de locuitori. Timp de aproape o mie de ani, Roma a fost cel mai mare, mai bogat şi mai important din punct de vedere politic oraş al lumii occidentale, şi a rămas astfel şi când a început declinul imperiului şi împărţirea sa în două, chiar dacă până la urmă şi-a pierdut statutul de capitală în detrimentul oraşului Milano şi apoi Ravenna, şi a fost depăşită ca prestigiu de capitala Imperiului Roman de Răsărit, Constantinopol.
[modifică] Căderea imperiului şi Evul MediuÎn timpul domniei lui Constantin I, episcopul de Roma a căpătat atât importanţă religioasă, cât şi politică, până la urmă ajungând să fie cunoscut drept Papă şi stabilind Roma ca centru al Bisericii Catolice. În urma prădării Romei din 410 de către Alaric I şi căderii Imperiului Roman de Apus în 476 d.Hr., Roma a alternat între Imperiul Bizantin şi jafurile barbarilor germanici. Populaţia ei a scăzut până la a ajunge la doar 20.000 de oameni în timpul Evului Mediu Timpuriu, reducând oraşul cândva înfloritor la grupuri de clădiri locuite, dispersate de-a lungul unor arii extinse de ruine şi vegetaţie. Roma a făcut în mod nominal parte din Imperiul Bizantin până în 751 d.Hr., când lombarzii au abolit Exarhatul de la Ravenna. În 756, Pepin cel Scurt i-a oferit papei jurisdicţie temporală asupra Romei şi zonelor limitrofe, creând astfel Statele Papale. Roma a rămas capitala Statelor Papale până la anexarea sa de către Regatul Italiei în 1870; oraşul a devenit o destinaţie a pelerinilor în timpul Evului Mediu, şi focar de dispute între papalitate şi Sfântul Imperiu Roman începând cu domnia lui Carol cel Mare, care a fost primul împărat încoronat de papă la Roma, de Crăciun, în anul 800 (de către papa Leon al III-lea). În afară de perioade scurte ca oraş liber în Evul Mediu, Roma şi-a menţinut statutul de capitală papală şi „oraş sfânt” timp de secole, chiar şi când papii au fost mutaţi la Avignon între 1309-1337. Deşi nu mai avea putere politică, precum a dovedit-o brutala prădare a Romei în 1527, oraşul a înflorit ca centru cultural şi artistic în timpul Renaşterii şi Barocului, sub patronajul curţii papale.
[modifică] Secolele XVII-XIXPopulaţi a crescut din nou, ajungând la 100.000 în secolul XVII, dar Roma avea să rămână în urma altor capitale europene în secolele ce au urmat, fiind antrenată în procesul Contrareformei. Prinsă în tumultul naţionalist din secolul al XIX-lea, câştigându-şi şi pierzându-şi de două ori pentru scurt timp independenţa, Roma a devenit speranţa principală a unificării italiene, susţinută de Regatul Italiei condus de regele Victor Emanuel al II-lea; după ce protectoratul francez a fost eliminat în 1870, trupele regale au năvălit în oraş, şi Roma a fost declarată capitală a Italiei unificate în 1871.
[modifică] Secolul XXDupă victoria din primul război mondial, Roma a fost martora ascensiunii fascismului italian condus de Benito Mussolini, care a intrat în oraş în 1922, proclamând un nou imperiu şi aliind Italia cu Germania nazistă. A fost o perioadă de creştere rapidă a populaţiei, de la 212.000 pe timpul unificării la peste 1.000.000, dar această tendinţă a fost stopată de al doilea război mondial, timp în care Roma a fost afectată de bombardamentele Aliaţilor şi de ocupaţia nazistă; după executarea lui Mussolini şi sfârşitul conflictului, un referendum din 1946 a abolit monarhia şi a decis crearea Republicii Italiene. Roma a crescut spectaculos după război, fiind una dintre locomotivele „miracolului economic italian” din timpul reconstrucţiei şi modernizării postbelice. A devenit un oraş la modă în anii '1950 şi începutul anilor '1960, anii la dolce vita („viaţa cea dulce”), şi o tendinţă de creştere a populaţiei a continuat până la mijlocul anilor '1980, când oraşul avea peste 2.800.000 de locuitori. După aceea, populaţia a început să scadă uşor, o parte din populaţie mutându-se în împrejurimi; este posibil să fi fost datorită unei scăderi a nivelului de trai din cauza congestiunii din trafic şi nivelului poluării. În anii recenţi această tendinţă a încetat şi populaţia a crescut din nou, mulţumită şi dinamismului cultural şi economic al oraşului, şi fenomenului imigraţiei.
[modifică] Arhitectura, configuraţia oraşului şi obiective principale
[modifică] Arhitectura
[modifică] Roma anticăUnul dintre simbolurile Romei este Colosseumul (70-80 d.Hr.), cel mai mare amfiteatru construit vreodată în Imperiul Roman. Având iniţial o capacitate de 60.000 de spectatori, a fost folosit pentru lupte între gladiatori. Lista monumentelor foarte importante ale Romei antice include Forumul Roman, Domus Aurea, Panteonul, Columna lui Traian, Piaţa lui Traian, zonele catacombelor, Circus Maximus, Băile lui Caracalla, Castelul Sant'Angelo, Mausoleul lui Augustus, Ara Pacis, Arcul lui Constantin, Piramida lui Cestius şi Bocca della Verità.
[modifică] MedievalăDe multe ori trecută cu vederea, moştenirea medievală a Romei este una dintre cele mai importante dintre cele ale oraşelor italiene. Bazilici datând din era paleocreştină includ Santa Maria Maggiore şi San Paolo Fuori le Mura (cea din urmă reconstruită în mare parte în secolul al XIX-lea), amândouă găzduind mozaice din secolul IV d.Hr.. Mozaice şi fresce medievale notabile pot fi văzute şi în Santa Maria in Trastevere, Santi Quattro Coronati şi Santa Prassede. Clădirile laice includ o serie de turnuri, dintre care cele mai mari sunt Torre delle Milizie şi Torre dei Conti, amândouă în apropiere de Forumul Roman, precum şi scările uriaşe care duc spre bazilica Santa Maria in Ara Coeli.
[modifică] Renaşterea şi BaroculRoma a fost un centru mondial al Renaşterii, al doilea doar în urma Florenţei, şi a fost profund influenţată de această mişcare. Cele mai impresionante capodopere ale arhitecturii renascentiste în Roma sunt Piazza del Campidoglio de Michelangelo, împreună cu Palazzo Senatorio, sediul guvernului local. În această perioadă, marile familii aristocratice ale Romei obişnuiau să construiască locuinţe opulente precum Palazzo del Quirinale (acum sediul preşedintelui republicii), Palazzo Venezia, Palazzo Farnese, Palazzo Barberini, Palazzo Chigi (acum sediul primului ministru), Palazzo Spada, Palazzo della Cancelleria, şi Villa Farnesina. Roma este de asemenea faimoasă pentru pieţele ei imense şi maiestoase (de multe ori decorate cu obeliscuri), multe dintre care au fost construite în secolul al XVII-lea. Pieţele principale sunt Piazza Navona, Piazza di Spagna, Campo de' Fiori, Piazza Venezia, Piazza Farnese şi Piazza della Minerva. Unul dintre exemplele emblematice ale artei baroce este Fontana di Trevi, de Nicola Salvi. Alte palate baroce din secolul al XVII-lea sunt Palazzo Madama, acum sediul Senatului Italian, precum şi Palazzo Montecitorio, sediul Camerei Deputaţilor.
[modifică] NeoclasicismÎn 1870, Roma a devenit capitala Regatului Italiei. În acest timp, neoclasicismul, un stil arhitectonic influenţat de arhitectura Antichităţii, a devenit influenţa principală asupra arhitecturii oraşului. Au fost construite atunci mai multe palate mari în stil neoclasic pentru a găzdui ministere, ambasade şi alte agenţii guvernamentale. Unul dintre simbolurile cele mai cunoscute ale neoclasicismului în Roma este Monumentul lui Victor Emanuel al II-lea, sau „Altarul Patriei”, unde este situat mormântul Soldatului Necunoscut, care îi reprezintă pe cei 650.000 de italieni care au murit în timpul primului război mondial.
[modifică] Arhitectură fascistăRegimul fascist care a guvernat Italia din 1922 până în 1943 a dezvoltat un stil arhitectonic caracterizat de legăturile sale cu arhitectura romană antică. Cel mai important sit fascist din Roma este districtul Esposizione Universale Roma, construit în 1935. A fost iniţial conceput pentru expoziţia universală din 1942, şi era numit „E.42” (Esposizione 42). Cu toate acestea, expoziţia mondială nu a mai avut loc, deoarece Italia a intrat în al doilea război mondial în 1940. Clădirea cea mai reprezentativă pentru stilul fascist de la E.U.R. este Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana (1938-1943), designul ei iconic fiind denumit „Colosseumul cubic” sau „pătrat”. După al doilea război mondial, autorităţile romane şi-au dat seama că aveau bazele unui district comercial în afara centrului pe care alte capitale încă îl aveau în stadiu de proiect (London Docklands şi La Defense în Paris). De asemenea Palazzo della Farnesina, actualul sediu al Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, a fost conceput în 1935 în stil fascist.
[modifică] Centrul oraşuluiCentrul istoric al oraşului este dominat de tradiţionalele „şapte coline ale Romei” : Dealurile Capitolin, Palatin, Viminal, Quirinal, Eschilin, Celian şi Aventin. Tibrul curge spre sud prin Roma, centrul fiind situat acolo unde Insula Tibrului facilita trecerea. Au rămas în picioare mari părţi ale vechilor ziduri ale oraşului. Zidul Servian a fost construit doisprezece ani după ce galii au prădat oraşul în 390 î.Hr.; includea mare parte din Dealurile Eschilin şi Celian, precum şi celelalte cinci în întregime. Roma a depăşit în dezvoltarea sa Zidul Servian, dar nu s-au mai construit alte ziduri până în 270 d.Hr., când Aurelian a început construirea Zidurilor Aureliene. Aveau o lungime de aproape 19 km, şi a fost zidul pe care trupele regale italiene au trebuit să-l străpungă pentru a intra în oraş în 1870. Deşi relativ mic, vechiul centru al oraşului conţine aproximativ 300 de hotele şi 300 pensioni,[5] peste 200 de palate,[6] 900 de biserici,[7] opt dintre parcurile principale ale Romei, reşedinţa preşedintelui republicii, casele Parlamentului, birouri ale oraşului şi guvernului local, precum şi multe monumente faimoase. Vechiul oraş conţine de asemenea mii de ateliere, birouri, baruri şi restaurante. Milioane de turişti vizitează Roma anual, ea fiind unul dintre cele mai vizitate oraşe din lume.
[modifică] Structura periferieiOraşul vechi din limitele zidurilor acoperă aproximativ 4% din cei 1507 km² ai municipalităţii moderne. Centrul istoric al oraşului este cel mai mic din cele nouăsprezece zone administrative ale Romei. Centrul oraşului este format din 22 de rioni (districte), unul dintre ele, Prati, aflându-se practic în afara zidurilor. Înconjurând centrul sunt 35 quartieri urbani (sectoare urbane), şi în limitele oraşului se află şase mari suburbi. „Comuna” Romei, aflată în afara frontierelor municipale, dublează practic suprafaţa oraşului propriu-zis. Centura autostrăzii, cunoscută ca Grande Raccordo Anulare (G.R.A.), trasează un cerc uriaş în jurul capitalei, la aproximativ 10 km de centrul oraşului; spre deosebire de majoritatea autostrăzilor italiene, pe G.R.A. nu se plăteşte taxă. Autostrada circulară leagă vechile drumuri care duceau la Roma în Antichitate : Via Flaminia, Via Aurelia, Via Salaria, Via Tiburtina, Via Casilina şi Via Appia. Via Appia modernă face legătura între centrul oraşului şi o serie de orăşele cunoscute drept Castelli Romani.
[modifică] VaticanOraşul Roma înconjoară Vaticanul, o enclavă a Sfântului Scaun, care este un stat suveran. Găzduieşte Piaţa Sfântului Petru, cu Bazilica corespondentă. Spaţiul liber din faţa bazilicii a fost reconceput de Gian Lorenzo Bernini, din 1656 până în 1667, sub direcţia Papei Alexandru al VII-lea, ca o curte adecvată necesităţilor, gândită astfel încât un număr cât mai mare de oameni „să-l poată vedea pe Papă dându-şi binecuvântarea, fie din mijlocul faţadei bisericii, fie dintr-o fereastră a Palatului Vatican” (Norwich 1975 p 175). În Vatican se află de asemenea prestigioasele Biblioteca Vaticanului, Muzeele Vaticanului cu Capela Sixtină, Camerele Rafael şi alte opere importante ale lui Leonardo Da Vinci, Rafael, Giotto, sau Botticelli.
[modifică] Muzee şi galeriiLista celor mai importante muzee şi galerii din Roma include : Muzeul Naţional din Roma, Muzeul Civilizaţiei Romane, Muzeul Naţional Etrusc Villa Giulia, Muzeele Capitoline, Galeria Borghese, Muzeul Castelului Sant'Angelo, şi Galeria Naţională de Artă Modernă.
[modifică] Ville şi grădiniCentrul Romei este înconjurat de nişte spaţii verzi mari şi vechi ville romane opulente, care sunt rămăşiţele villelor care înconjurau oraşul papal. Majoritatea au fost distruse de speculaţiile imobiliare de la sfârşitul secolului al XIX-lea. Cele mai importante dintre cele care au supravieţuit sunt :
[modifică] Vezi şi
[modifică] Legături externe
[modifică] Proverbe despre Roma
[modifică] Note
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GNU Free Documentation License Esso utilizza materiale tratto da http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma Cronologia/Autori: http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=history RomaDe Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
Roma es una ciudad del sur de Europa, en la provincia de Roma, en la Península Itálica, que antiguamente fue capital del Imperio Romano, y hoy es capital del estado moderno de Italia. Situada en el centro de la península, en la región del Lacio, a ambas orillas del río Tíber, a unos 20 km de su desembocadura en el mar Tirreno bañada por el mar mediterráneo, fuente de riquezas de la zona. Población: 2.718.768 habitantes, que unidos a los de su área metropolitana, se elevan a 3.700.000. Su importancia histórica es enorme. Cuna de la civilización occidental, atrae cada año a millones de visitantes, atraídos por las ruinas de su antiguo esplendor y sus incalculables obras de arte. Enclavado en la zona oeste de la ciudad se encuentra el Vaticano, que constituye un estado independiente y soberano, centro de la Iglesia Católica.
Origen etimológico de Roma [editar]Cuenta la leyenda que los gemelos Rómulo y Remo, hijos de Marte, fueron abandonados al nacer a orillas del río Tíber. Afortunadamente, una loba llamada Luperca se encargó de amamantarlos y los bebés crecieron sanos. Sin embargo, siendo adultos, dice el mito que Rómulo mató a Remo su hermano y fundó Roma. Hoy en día, el símbolo de la ciudad imperial sigue siendo la loba y los dos niños. Evidentemente el nombre de Rómulo es posterior al de Roma, creado por los hombres para explicar el nombre de la ciudad. Aun así, este mito podría tener algún sustento histórico, siendo Rómulo un personaje unificador de los pueblos que formaron Roma en su pasado más remoto. Sin embargo, al parecer, el origen del nombre de Roma estaría más bien relacionado con el antiguo nombre del río Tiber. A estos periodos de la historia de Roma se los conoce conjuntamente como Antigua Roma. Roma ha sido la capital de la Italia unificada desde 1871. Según la tradición, Roma se fundó el día 11 antes de las calendas de mayo, sería el 21 de abril de 753 a. C. Fundada Roma, comenzó a pelear contra sus vecinos, esta vez por conseguir mujeres, a las que raptaron durante unos juegos en los que invitaron a todos los pueblos vecinos. Vencieron a todos menos a los sabinos, porque la lucha terminó en un tratado de paz conseguido por las mujeres, que no querían perder ni a sus padres ni sus esposos. De este tratado surgiría la unión de los dos pueblos. Rómulo, luego de guerrear contra varios vecinos, desapareció en medio de una tempestad. No obstante, en el foro romano, tienen localizado el lugar exacto donde, según la leyenda, fue, Rómulo, abatido por un rayo. Según otras versiones se lo llevaron los dioses, y según dice Tito Livio, algunos pensaron que los senadores, únicos testigos de la desaparición, descontentos con el gobierno de Rómulo, lo asesinaron. Así subió al trono, luego de un periodo de un año, Numa Pompilio, hombre insigne que habitaba entre los sabinos. Los pueblos que habitaban en la península itálica serán los siguientes: los latinos, que ocupaban la llanura entre el río Tíber y los montes Albanos. Al norte del Tíber se encontraban los etruscos, más arriba del Tíber, este separaba a los umbros al sur y los etruscos al norte. Al este y sureste del Lacio se encontraba la cadena Apenina que sería el dominio de pastores nómadas emparentados entre sí, los sabinos, samnitas, marsos, volscos, campanos en Nápoles, ausones y oscos. Todavía más al sur los lucanos y bruttios. El origen de los pueblos que a su vez originaron a Roma, se puede rastrear mediante la lingüística. La cual divide a las lenguas indoeuropeas y las de otro origen. Entre las primeras se encuentra el latín, el véneto, etc. Se comprobó que las lenguas europeas y asiáticas tenían un cierto parentesco, y se tuvo la convicción durante mucho tiempo, de que el parentesco delataba un origen étnico común, la existencia de un pueblo indoeuropeo y de una cuna común de su civilización. Se creía que la unidad original de este pueblo experimento una dislocación y que los grupos integrantes se fueron separando del conjunto, llevando en su emigración el dialecto hablado en su patria. Pero ya esta teoría está desechada. Las divergencias e interferencias que se descubren en Italia siempre, por muy remota que sea la génesis de los pueblos portadores del indoeuropeo; es decir, a través de una lenta elaboración étnica y cultural, durante la edad neolítica (4800-1800). Al parecer según P. Bosch, los movimientos convergieron a partir, al menos, de dos centros: la región del río Danubio en el centro de Europa y la región del norte de Asia menor y parte del Cáucaso. Aproximadamente por entonces, según los lingüistas y los arqueólogos, el latín (introducido también por pueblos provenientes de la región danubiana) haría su aparición en Italia. Cada vez es mayor la resistencia frente a la hipótesis de una Italia pre y protohistórica que acogería en su territorio a masivos grupos étnicos con su original unidad, mantenida a lo largo de la emigración. Más bien se insiste sobre las condiciones de infiltración, dispersión y cruzamiento en que se realizaría la intervención de elementos extranjeros.
El nombre de Roma [editar]El nombre del pueblo generalmente se considera referirse a Rómulo, pero hay otras hipótesis. Una de ellas se refiere a Roma, cual sería la hija de Aeneas o Evandrus. Estudios recientes parecen darle significado de «río»; Roma en ese caso significaría, según esta hipótesis, «el pueblo sobre el río». Roma es también llamada la urbe, y este nombre (que en latín significaría cualquier otro pueblo) viene de urvus, la ranura cortada por un arado, aquí, por la de Rómulo.
La leyenda del origen de Roma [editar]Los orígenes remotos de la ciudad de Roma, se pierden en la leyenda; siendo seguramente anteriores año 753 a.C en que ulteriormente las autoridades romanas fecharon su fundación. Del mismo modo, siendo improbable que su fundación haya surgido de una acción explícita y deliberada, las tradiciones romanas posteriores adornaron su surgimiento con diversas leyendas, recogidas especialmente por el historiador romano Tito Livio, que vinculan el origen de Roma a un linaje de dioses y héroes. La mayoría se inclina a pensar que en una de las fuertes discusiones mantenidas por los dos hermanos, Rómulo mató a Remo en un acceso de ira y arrepintiéndose en el acto, decidió llamar a la ciudad Roma. Era el 21 de abril del año 753 a. C., correspondiente al año tercero de la sexta Olimpíada. Finalmente, Rómulo construyó refugios en el monte Capitolinó para esclavos y criminales fugados y llevó a cabo el rapto de las Sabinas, mujeres de otra tribu del Tíber, para que los hombres que se le habían unido tuvieran sus esposas. Después de algunas guerras entre ellos, las Sabinas le declararon su rey. Rómulo fue el primer Rey de Roma y dice la leyenda que fue llevado a los cielos por su padre Marte, y que fue venerado como el dios Quirino. Según la leyenda de los orígenes de Roma, un hijo del héroe troyano Eneas, (hijo de Venus, la diosa de la atracción y de Anquises, un pastor.), Ascanio, había fundado sobre la orilla derecha del río Tíber la ciudad de Alba Longa; ciudad latina sobre la cual reinaron numerosos de sus descendientes, hasta llegar a Numitor y su hermano Amulio. Este último destronó a Numitor; y para evitar que tuviera descendencia que pudiera disputarle el trono, condenó a su hija Rea Silvia a permanecer virgen como vestal, sacerdotisa de la diosa Vesta. Sin embargo, Marte, el dios de la guerra, engendró en Rea Silvia a los mellizos Remo y Rómulo. Por ese motivo, al nacer los mellizos fueron arrojados al Tíber dentro de una canasta, la cual encalló en la zona de las siete colinas situadas cerca de la desembocadura del Tíber en el mar; siendo recogidos por una loba llamada Luperca que se acercó a beber, y que los amamantó en su guarida del Monte Palatino, hasta que fueron hallados y rescatados por un pastor cuya mujer los crió. Cuando fueron mayores, los mellizos restituyeron a Numitor en el trono de Alba Longa, y decidieron fundar, como colonia de Alba Longa, una ciudad en la ribera derecha del Tíber, en donde habían sido amamantados por la loba; y ser sus Reyes. Cerca de la desembocadura del Tíber existían las siete colinas: los montes Capitolio, Quirinal, Viminal, Aventino, Palatino, Esquilino y Celio. Rómulo y Remo discutieron acerca del lugar donde fundar la ciudad; y resolvieron la cuestión consultando el vuelo de las aves, a la usanza etrusca. Mientras sobre el Palatino Rómulo divisó doce buitres volando, su hermano en otra de las colinas sólo vio seis. Entonces, Rómulo, con un arado trazó un recuadro en lo alto del monte Palatino, delimitando la nueva ciudad, y juró que mataría a quien lo traspasara. Despechado, su hermano Remo no obedeció y cruzó despectivamente la línea, ante lo cual su hermano le dio muerte, quedando entonces como el único y primer Rey de Roma. Según la versión de la historia oficial de Roma antigua, eso había ocurrido en el año 754 a. C. o más bien antes de nuestra era Roma comenzó su historia como una aldea más entre las otras muchas de pastores y campesinos que se repartían las colinas y minúsculos valles de la zona. Si hemos de creer a Livio, ya entonces era muy especial, pues sus míticos fundadores tenían algo de divino; pero el propio escritor también confiesa que le parece lógico que los pueblos rodeen sus orígenes con leyendas y patrañas. Los primeros habitantes fueron posiblemente un conglomerado de gentes de distinta procedencia que vivían al margen del desarrollo económico y cultural de sus prósperos vecinos, es decir, los etruscos al Norte y los sabino y los latinos al Sur.
Como dato curioso y para las mentes más pícaras, se dice que la loba que amamantó a los hermanos Romulo y Remo fue su madre adoptiva humana. La leyenda nos narra que fueron amamantados por una loba, en latin lupa, cuyo término también era utilizado, en el sentido despectivo de la palabra, para las prostitutas de la época.
Historia [editar]Cuando los núcleos latinos que habitaban las colinas del Quirinal, Esquilino y Celio se fusionaron con los del Palatino, fortificaron el recinto habitado, y así se inició la primera fase de la Roma antigua hacia el siglo VIII a. C. (Roma Quadrata). Durante una segunda fase el perímetro de la ciudad se extendió por el monte Capitolino y por un pequeño valle que lo separaba del Palatino (allí se emplazó el Foro romano). Del siglo VI a. C. son las principales construcciones: Palacio Real, Foro, Cloaca Máxima y Tullianum.
El foro romano
Hacia 510 a. C. se fundó el templo de Júpiter Capitolino, y de la misma época son los templos de Saturno (498 a. C.), de Cástor (484 a. C.) y otros. Siguió un período de gran actividad constructiva: templos, basílicas, acuoductos y caminos consulares (Vía Apia, Vía Latina, Vía Flaminia, etc). La verdadera reorganización se llevó en la época de Augusto, bajo cuyo reinado se reconstruyeron templos y monumentos y se levantaron otros nuevos. El incendio de la ciudad, atribuido a Nerón (aunque otras fuentes lo desmienten), en el (68) hizo desaparecer gran cantidad de edificios, reconstruidos poco después por el mismo emperador. Roma también estaba en guerra civil y ese mismo año Pompeyo huyó a Egipto tras su derrota en Farsalia a manos de Julio César. El gobierno egipcio, de facto en manos de un eunuco de la corte llamado Potino, le asesinó, pensando obtener así un consiguiente apoyo de César que le permitiera vencer al bando de Cleopatra. Sin embargo, al general romano, que arribó a Alejandría unos días más tarde en persecución de su rival, no le agradó la decisión, pues su intención era capturarle con vida o quizás incluso perdonarle. Al tiempo, Cleopatra consiguió acceder (burlando el control de los partidarios de su hermano) hasta el palacio real en el que se aposentaba César para persuadirle de que tomara partido por ella. El general propuso una reconciliación entre los hermanos que fue rechaza por Ptolomeo, quien además decidió atacar a los soldados romanos aprovechando su aislamiento. Estos resistieron el asedio al palacio de Alejandría hasta que la llegada de refuerzos les permitió contraatacar y lograr la victoria final. Ptolomeo XIII pereció durante uno de los combates y Cleopatra fue proclamada reina (47) junto a otro de sus hermanos, Ptolomeo XIV Filópator II. Julio César y Cleopatra pasaron juntos varios meses en Egipto y fruto de su relación nacería Ptolomeo XV, más conocido como Cesarión. Luego él partió a combatir (y derrotar) a Farnaces del Ponto (47) y a doblegar con éxito la resistencia de los optimates en Tapso (febrero de 46) y Munda (marzo de 45), al tiempo que efectuaba en Roma diversas reformas políticas que le atañían tanto a él personalmente como al Imperio en general. Además de la instauración de una monarquía romana, entre los objetivos finales de César probablemente se encontrara el de unir, mediante su matrimonio con Cleopatra, a los Estados romano y egipcio, dando así como resultado la unidad política de todo el mundo mediterráneo. La influencia egipcia durante estos años de Julio César en Roma también se reflejó en la administración, la sociedad, la cultura e incluso la religión. Cabe citar, por ejemplo, la recaudación directa de los impuestos por el Estado (que evitaba los anteriores abusos de los publicanos); el inicio de la administración racional (y no la mera explotación) de las provincias; la adopción, con pequeñas correcciones, del calendario de Canopo (llamado desde entonces juliano); y la introducción del culto a Isis. La propia Cleopatra estuvo dos veces (46 y 45-44 a. C.) en Roma junto a Cesarión. Durante la segunda asesinaron a Julio César (15 de marzo del 44), tras lo cual tuvo que huir a Egipto. Allá ejecutó a su hermano Ptolomeo XIV y adjuntó al trono a su hijo.
El Coliseo romano. Una de las
Nuevas maravillas del mundo.
La obra iniciada por Nerón fue continuada por sus sucesores: Vespasiano (Coliseo), Tito, Domiciano (renovación de los templos de Vesta, Augusto y Minerva, del Estadio, el Odeón, en Panteón, etc.). La obra de éste último emperador fue proseguida por Trajano (Foro y Termas), Adriano (puente Elio, templos de Marciana y de Venus, Mausoleo, etc.), Septimio Severo, Caracalla (Termas). En tiempos de Majencio se construyó la basílica homónima, y de Constantino, su sucesor, se conservan el Arco del Triunfo, las Termas Constantinas y las Elenianas. Durante los siglos III y IV se mantuvo Roma en todo su esplendor, hasta el año 410, en que fue asaltada y saqueada por Alarico; a partir de este momento se inició su decadencia monumental. Durante los siglos VIII y IX la Roma cristiana se convirtió en la Roma pontificia. Los papas transformaron los antiguos edificios paganos en cristianos y mandaron construir otros nuevos y las grandes basílicas (San Pablo, San Lorenzo, Santa María la Mayor, etc.). En el siglo XI otra invasión (la de los normandos, en 1084) dejó la ciudad en ruinas. Los papas la reconstruyeron y quedó constituida en dos bloques: la ciudad religiosa, que los pontífices reservaron para sí (Vaticano, Ciudad Leonina), y la ciudad seglar, encerrada en la cadena de fortalezas feudales. Durante los siglos XII y XIII se llevaron a cabo notables mejoras urbanas y se construyeron numerosos palacios y edificios públicos. A este período de esplendor sucedió otro de decadencia (de 1305 a 1378, período aviñonés), durante el cual los monumentos civiles y religiosos estuvieron en total abandono. A partir del papa Nicolás V la ciudad sufrió una gran transformación, y durante los siglos XV y XVI alcanzó una etapa monumental extraordinaria, llegando a la cumbre de su esplendor en tiempo de Julio II. Se amplió el Vaticano, se construyeron y decoraron la Capilla Sixtina y las Logias. León X abandonó parte de los proyectos constructivos de Julio II y se dedicó con empeño al embellecimiento y reconstrucción de numerosas iglesias y basílicas siguiendo la inspiración de Sangallo, sucesor de Bramante y de Rafael como arquitecto papal. Sixto V fue el verdadero creador de la Roma moderna. Durante el pontificado de Clemente VIII se terminó la demolición de la basílica de San Pedro y la mutación de plano de la actual basílica, de cruz griega a cruz latina (fue consagrada en 1613). El arte barroco culminó durante el pontificado de Urbano VIII gracias a la actividad y genio de Bernini.
Fundación del Imperio [editar]De acuerdo con la leyenda, la ciudad de Roma fue fundada por los gemelos Rómulo y Remo en el año 753 a. C.; pero la evidencia arqueológica indica que Roma se fundó por el asentamiento de grupos nómadas cerca del Monte Palatino y en el área del futuro Foro Romano, coanurbandose en siglo 8 a. C. La ciudad fue convertida en la capital del reino Romano (Reinado por 7 reyes según la tradición), de la república romana (Desde el 512 a. C. gobernada por el Senado) y del Imperio Romano (Desde el 31 a. C. gobernada por un emperador); su éxito dependió de sus conquistas militares, predominancia comercial en el mediterráneo y de la asimilación de las culturas vecinas (Como es el caso de los etruscos y de los griegos. El dominio romano se extendió por casi toda Europa y por las costas del mediterráneo, mientras que su población alcanzó el millón y medio de habitantes.
Caída del Imperio y la Edad Media [editar]Con el desarrollo del antiguo cristianismo, el Obispo de Roma ganó importancia tanto religiosa como política, y eventualmente hizo reconocer su primacía como Papa y estableció a Roma como el centro del cristianismo. Después del Saqueo de Roma por parte de Alarico I y de la caída del Imperio Romano de occidente en 476, el dominio de Roma se alternaba entre el Imperio Bizantino y los bárbaros. Su población era de 20.000 habitantes en la Alta Edad Media, lo que contrasta enormemente con los más de 2.000.000 de habitante que hubo durante el Imperio Romano en la ciudad; su abandono acentuó la decadencia de la ciudad a ruinas. Roma quedó como parte del Imperio Bizantino hasta que fue invadida por los lombardos en el año 751. En 756, Pipino el Breve concedió al Papa el dominio de las regiones cercanas a Roma, creando los Estados Pontificios. Roma quedó como capital de los Estados Pontificios hasta su anexión al Reino de Italia en 1870. La ciudad fue la de mayor peregrinación durante la Edad Media.
Siglo XVII-XIX [editar]
Garibaldi ataca la Roma
papal en 1849
La población de Roma volvió a alcanzar los 100.000 habitantes durante el siglo XVII, pero estaba en retraso en comparación con otras capitales europeas durante los siguientes siglos, siendo una ciudad muy ocupada durante el periodo de la contrarreforma. Siendo atrapada por los churrascos nacionalistas del siglo XIX y teniendo dos veces una independencia corta, la ciudad fue un centro para las esperanzas de la Unificación Italiana, como quería el Reino de Italia gobernado por Víctor Manuel II; después de la protección francesa que fue cerrada en 1870, las tropas de Víctor Manuel II tomaron la ciudad y la convirtieron en la capital del reino italiano en 1871.
Siglo XX [editar]Después de la Primera Guerra Mundial, Italia quedó en manos de un gobierno fascista guiado por Benito Mussolini, quien tomó la ciudad en 1922, eventualmente declarándolo un Imperio y siendo aliado de la Alemania Nazi. Este fue un periodo en el que la población creció aceleradamente, pasando de 212,000 habitantes durante la unificación a un poco más de un millón, pero este acelero fue cesado al empezar la Segunda Guerra Mundial, tiempo en el que Roma fue dañada tanto por el bombardeo aliado y por la ocupación nazi; después de la ejecución de Benito Mussolini y el fin de la guerra, el Referéndum de 1946 abolió la monarquía e instauro la República italiana. Después de la guerra, Roma creció momentáneamente, siendo consecuencia de "El milagro económico italiano" de reconstrucción y modernización. Roma se convirtió en una ciudad popular entre los 50's y 60's, siendo los años de La Dolce Vita (La dulce vida). Roma tuvo otro acelero de población en los 80's cuando el municipio alcanzó los 2'800'00 habitantes.
Geografía y clima [editar]
Geografía [editar]
Imagen por satélite de Roma
Roma se encuentra en la región central de Italia Lacio con los afluentes de los ríos Aniene y Tíber. El núcleo central de la ciudad se encuentra a 24 km del Mar Tirreno. La altitud de Roma es de 13 msnm (en la Piazza del Popolo) en lo más bajo hasta los 120 msnm en el Monte Mario. La comuna de Roma tiene 1.285 km².
Clima [editar]Roma tiene un típico clima mediterráneo que caracteriza a las costas de Italia. El clima es confortable de abril a junio y de mediados de septiembre a octubre, donde está el ottobrata (se puede traducir como el hermoso día de octubre a castellano) conocido por días soleados y cálidos. En agosto, la temperatura promedio es de 32 °C, tradicionalmente, muchos negocios romanos cierran durante agosto, pero no todos salen de la ciudad ya que en ese tiempo de verano es cuando llegan más turistas.
Localización de Roma [editar]
Localización de Roma.
En el mapa anterior se muestra claramente la localización de Roma, antes de su gran auge sobre todas las naciones existentes en esa región, en especial, Grecia. Esta pequeña ciudad Se desarrolló hasta llegar a ser considerada durante la época previa a la República, superior a sus vecinos, haciéndose cada vez más fuerte a medida que se apoderaba de más territorios. Ya en la República, alrededor del año 270 a. C. Roma dominaba toda la península Itálica y seguía su expansión. Este imperio que a partir del siglo I a. C. sería gobernado por emperadores, creció y absorbió ciudades y territorios que hoy en día comprenden más de 40 países con 5.000 km, de un extremo a otro.
Museos [editar]Entre los museos romanos hay que citar:
Arquitectura [editar]
El Anfiteatro Flavio, popularmente conocido como
"Coliseo", una de las mayores creaciones arquitectónicas de la Roma
imperial.
La Piazza del Popolo, cuya urbanización terminó en
el siglo XIX.
Antigua Roma [editar]Uno de los edificios más notables de esta época es el Coliseo (70-80 d.C.), el mayor anfiteatro construido en la época romana. Tenía plazas para 50.000 espectadores y en él se presenciaban combates de gladiadores, luchas de barcos, matanzas de cristianos, entre otros. Otros edificios romanos de esa época son el Foro Romano, el Domus Aurea, el Panteón de Agripa, la Columna de Trajano, las catacumbas romanas, el Circo Máximo, los Termas de Caracalla, el Arco de Constantino, el Ara Pacis, la Pirámide Cestia, entre otras.
Renacimiento y Barroco [editar]Roma fue una de las ciudades de mayor importancia durante el Renacimiento y época barroca, en especial por el mecenazgo de la Santa Sede en el desarrollo urbanístico de la ciudad. Un ejemplo del urbanismo de este periodo es la Plaza del Campidoglio diseñada por Miguel Ángel o la Plaza Navona.
Patrimonio de la Humanidad [editar]En 1980, el centro histórico de Roma fue declarado Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO. En 1990 se incluyeron en la declaración los bienes de la Santa Sede situados en la ciudad que benefician de derechos de extraterritorialidad.
Bienes inscritos por la UNESCO [editar]
Comunicaciones [editar]La red radial de comunicaciones de Italia converge en Roma, con autopistas Milán–Roma–Nápoles, Roma–Civitavecchia y Roma–L'Aquila-Teramo. La ciudad es también el centro de la red de ferrocarriles nacionales e incluye en su área urbana numerosas estaciones, como la estación Termini, Tiburtina, Ostiense, Trastevere, San Pietro, Tuscolana, etc. La ciudad tiene dos aeropuertos internacionales, el Aeroporto Intercontinentale Leonardo da Vinci en Fiumicino y el Aeroporto Giovanni Battista Pastine en Ciampino, un helipuerto y aeropuerto menor para vuelos turísticos, el Aeroporto dell'Urbe. La navegación fluvial del río Tíber es posible en el centro de la ciudad, por medio de un servicio regular de navegación que tiene varios puntos de embarque alrededor de la isla Tiberina. El puerto fluvial, al que sólo tienen acceso embarcaciones de muy pequeño calado, no reviste importancia económica.
Hermanamiento [editar]Roma está hermanada de modo exclusivo y reciproco con:
Roma también tiene relaciones de hermanamiento particulares con:
y acuerdos internacionales con:
Véase también [editar]
Enlaces externos [editar]
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GNU Free Documentation License Esso utilizza materiale tratto da http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom Cronologia/Autori: http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rom&action=history Romaus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie
Satellitenaufnahme von Rom
Rom, italienisch/lateinisch Roma, die größte Stadt Italiens mit ca. 2,7 Mio. Einwohnern im Stadtgebiet sowie rund 3,3 Mio. Einwohnern als Agglomeration, liegt in der Region Latium an den Ufern des Flusses Tiber. Die nicht zuletzt wegen ihrer Rolle in der Antike als Hauptstadt des römischen Reichs auch als „ewige Stadt“ bezeichnete Metropole ist seit 1871 die Hauptstadt des im Risorgimento wiedervereinigten Italiens und Sitz des Malteser-Ritterordens, der ein eigenständiges, jedoch nichtstaatliches Völkerrechtssubjekt ist. Darüber hinaus ist sie Verwaltungssitz der Region Latium und der Provinz Rom. Innerhalb der Stadt bildet der unabhängige Staat der Vatikanstadt eine Enklave. Der Vatikan ist der Sitz des Bischofs von Rom und somit des Papstes, dem Oberhaupt der römisch-katholischen Kirche. Somit ist die Stadt eine dreifache Hauptstadt. Die Altstadt von Rom, der Petersdom und die Vatikanstadt wurden von der UNESCO im Jahre 1980 zum Weltkulturerbe erklärt. Außerdem ist Rom der Sitz der UNO-Unterorganisationen FAO, IFAD und WFP.
Geografie
Geografische Lage
Blick auf Rom. Im Vordergrund die vatikanischen
Museen
Rom liegt im Zentrum des Landes, am Tiber, unweit des Tyrrhenischen Meeres durchschnittlich 37 Meter über dem Meeresspiegel. Im Osten Roms befinden sich die Abruzzen, im Nordosten die Sabiner Berge und im Süden die Albaner Berge. Rom liegt in der Tiberebene, in welcher sich Tiber und Aniene kurz vor der Stadt vereinigen. Die weitere Umgebung ist die Campagna Romana oder kurz Campagna. Die Provinz Rom grenzt im Norden an die Provinz Viterbo und die Provinz Rieti, im Osten an die Provinz L’Aquila in der Region Abruzzen, sowie im Süden an die Provinz Frosinone und die Provinz Latina.
StadtgliederungRom gliedert sich in vier Stadtbezirke, 19 Munizipien und 155 Stadtbereiche. Die Munizipien sind Stadtbezirke, die zur leichteren Regierbarkeit der Stadt Anfang der 1990er Jahre eingeführt wurden. Ursprünglich waren es 20 Munizipien, heute sind es 19, das ursprüngliche Municipio XIV ist 1992 ausgemeindet worden und existiert heute als selbstständige Stadt Fiumicino. Deshalb fehlt heute die Nummer XIV in der Reihe der Munizipien.
Munizipien
Die 19 Munizipien setzten sich folgendermaßen zusammen:
Die Altstadt (Municipio I) ist in 22 Rioni eingeteilt, die teilweise bis in die Antike zurückgehen. Sie haben heute keine verwaltungstechnische Bedeutung mehr.
Die weiteren Vororte, die vor der Stadtmauer entstanden wurden ab 1930 in 35 Quartiere eingeteilt. Einen realistischen Überblick der historischen Stadt vermittelt auch das 16 m × 17 m große Gips-Modell, der „Plastico di Roma Antica“, im Museo della Civiltà Romana[1] im Maßstab 1:250.
Klima
Klimadiagramm für Rom
Das Klima Roms ist von seiner mediterranen Lage geprägt. Die Jahresdurchschnittstemperatur beträgt 15,5 Grad Celsius und die jährliche Niederschlagsmenge 880 Millimeter im Mittel. Die wärmsten Monate sind Juli und August mit durchschnittlich 24,5 bis 24,7 Grad Celsius und die trockensten ebenfalls Juli und August mit 14 bis 22 Millimeter Niederschlag im Mittel. Die größten Niederschläge sind von Oktober bis Dezember mit durchschnittlich 106 bis 128 Millimeter zu verzeichnen. Der kälteste Monat ist der Januar mit 6,9 Grad Celsius im Mittel.
Geschichte
GründungNach der Gründungssage wurde Rom am 21. April 753 v. Chr. von Romulus gegründet. Romulus brachte demnach später seinen Zwillingsbruder Remus um, als sich dieser über die von Romulus errichtete Stadtmauer belustigte. Die Zwillinge waren nach der Sage die Kinder des Mars mit der Vestalin Rhea Silvia. Sie seien auf dem Tiber ausgesetzt, von einer Wölfin gesäugt und dann von dem Hirten Faustulus am Velabrum unterhalb des Palatin gefunden und aufgezogen worden. Die Etymologie des Wortes Roma ist ungeklärt, seit der Antike bestehen darüber unterschiedliche Theorien. Eher unwahrscheinlich scheint die Herkunft aus dem griechischen Ρώμη (Romē) mit der Bedeutung „Mut, Tapferkeit“. Überzeugender ist ein Zusammenhang mit der Wurzel *rum-, „weibliche Brust“, mit einem eventuellen Hinweis auf die Wölfin, die der Sage nach Romulus und Remus aufgezogen hat. Möglicherweise ist der Name Roma auch von einem etruskischen Geschlecht, den Rumina, abgeleitet. Das traditionelle Gründungsdatum Roms ist der Beginn der Zeitskala des Römischen Kalenders, lat. ab urbe condita, abgekürzt a.u.c., deutsch „von der Gründung der Stadt (Rom) an“. Ausgrabungen auf dem Palatin brachten Siedlungsreste aus der Zeit um 1000 vor Christus zutage; wahrscheinlich wurden einige latinische und sabinische Dörfer dann um 800 (vielleicht durch Etrusker) zu einer Stadt vereinigt.
Königszeit und Republik
Die sieben Hügel Roms
Die Zusammenfassung einzelner Siedlungen zu einem Gemeinwesen könnte sich also nach Auffassung der Historiker tatsächlich um das legendäre Gründungsdatum herum ereignet haben. Die sprichwörtlichen sieben Hügel Roms sind: Palatin, Aventin, Kapitol, Quirinal, Viminal, Esquilin und Caelius. Heute erstreckt sich das Stadtgebiet auch über die bekannten Hügel Gianicolo, Vaticano und Pincio. Zu Beginn seiner Geschichte war Rom ein Königreich, als erster der – großteils legendären – Nachfolger des Romulus wird von Titus Livius Numa Pompilius genannt. Nach Vertreibung des letzten etruskischen Königs Tarquinius Superbus – angeblich im Jahr 509 v. Chr. – wurde Rom eine Republik – wenngleich dies wohl tatsächlich erst um 475 v. Chr. geschah. Die Folgezeit war von Ständekämpfen zwischen den rechtlosen, wenn auch freien Plebejern und den adeligen Patriziern gekennzeichnet. Rom begann nun damit, die umliegenden Gebiete anzugliedern. Obwohl sich Rom 390 v. Chr. einer Invasion der Kelten kaum erwehren konnte, expandierte die Stadt dennoch ständig. Zum Schutz vor weiteren Übergriffen wurde die Servianische Mauer errichtet (siehe in der Abbildung Die sieben Hügel Roms). 312 v. Chr. folgte der Bau des ersten Aquädukts sowie der Bau der Via Appia. Zur Expansion Roms trugen insbesondere auch die schließlich erfolgreichen Punischen Kriege (264–146 v. Chr.) gegen das nordafrikanische Karthago, das den westlichen Mittelmeerraum kontrollierte, bei. Nachdem die Brüder Tiberius und Gaius Sempronius Gracchus, die als Volkstribunen versucht hatten, Landreformen durchzusetzen, ermordet worden waren, kam es zu einer Phase der Instabilität, die in Bürgerkriegen ihren Höhepunkt fand. Gaius Iulius Caesar setzte als Diktator eine Reihe von Reformen durch, wurde jedoch 44 v. Chr. ermordet. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt erreichte das Forum Romanum bereits eine Bebauungsdichte, die eine Ausweitung des Areals nötig machte. Aus diesem Grund hatte Caesar mit dem Bau des Forum Iulium begonnen.
Kaiserzeit
Maxentiusbasilika
Im 1. Jahrhundert v. Chr. war Rom wohl bereits eine Millionenstadt und sowohl geographisches als auch politisches Zentrum des römischen Reiches. Es verfügte über ein funktionierendes Frisch- und Abwassersystem, ein ausgebautes Straßennetz und funktionierende Bevölkerungsschutzeinheiten (Vigiles), die als Feuerwehr mit Polizeibefugnissen ihren Dienst versahen. Trotzdem wurde der Ausbau Roms, der besonders unter Caesars Erbe Augustus forciert worden war, durch einen großen Brand von Rom unter Nero im Jahr 64 vorübergehend zurückgeworfen. Unter der Herrschaft der Flavischen Dynastie (69–96 n. Chr.) begannen umfangreiche Bautätigkeiten. Zu diesen neuen Bauwerken gehören einige der berühmtesten Baudenkmäler wie das Kolosseum und ein Teil der Kaiserforen. Das letzte dieser Foren wurde Anfang des 2. Jahrhunderts unter Trajan fertiggestellt. Diese Zeit wird vielfach als Höhepunkt des römischen Reiches angesehen. Große Thermen wie die von Caracalla und Diokletian, welche sogar Bibliotheken einschlossen, waren fester Bestandteil des römischen Lebens geworden. Besessen vom Gigantismus errichteten die Kaiser immer größere Bauwerke, wie die Maxentiusbasilika. Hierin begann sich bereits der Niedergang des Kaiserreiches abzuzeichnen.
Spätantike und Niedergang
Rom im Altertum
Zu Beginn der Spätantike erreichte Rom wohl seine größte Bevölkerungszahl, verlor aber bald an politischer Bedeutung. Im 5. und 6. Jahrhundert kam es zu Katastrophen, die das Ende der antiken Herrlichkeit der Stadt bedeuteten: Auch die im 3. Jahrhundert errichtete Aurelianische Mauer konnte nicht verhindern, dass Rom während der Völkerwanderung 410 von den Westgoten und 455 von den Vandalen geplündert wurde. Nach dem formellen Untergang des Weströmischen Reiches im Jahr 476 wurden bekannte städtische Einrichtungen wie die Diokletiansthermen und das Kolosseum zunächst weiter unterhalten, und trotz sinkender Einwohnerzahlen bestand das antike Leben fort. Prokopios hielt fest, dass die Bauwerke der Stadt während der Herrschaft der Ostgoten instand gehalten worden sind. Um 530 lebten noch etwa 100.000 Menschen in Rom. Die zivilisatorische Katastrophe kam erst mit dem Gotenkrieg und der in diesem Rahmen betriebenen Rückeroberungspolitik des oströmischen Kaisers Justinian. Die Kriegshandlungen führten zu der endgültigen Zerstörung fast aller römischen Wasserleitungen (537), der Auslöschung der das antike Erbe bewahrenden Senatorenschicht und einem mehrjährigen Aussetzen des städtischen Lebens durch oströmisch-gotische Belagerungskämpfe. Das letzte spätantike Bauwerk in der Stadt ist die 608 errichtete Phokas-Säule. Die Stadt entging nur knapp einer vollständigen Zerstörung. Rom gehörte zwar formell seit 554 wieder zum Oströmischen Reich, die Ordnungsfunktionen wurden jedoch in den Zeiten der Völkerwanderung mehr und mehr vom Papsttum ausgeübt. Zwischen dem 8. und 11. Jahrhundert folgten weitere Belagerungen, Angriffe und Plünderungen durch Langobarden, Sarazenen und Normannen, so dass sich das bewohnte Stadtgebiet zeitweise kaum über die Tiberufer hinaus erstreckte.
Hochmittelalter und Neuzeit
Rom im Mittelalter
Rom um 1490
Die Seeschlacht vor Ostia stoppte 849 den dritten
arabischen Angriff
Seit Pippin erlangte Rom, das im Mittelalter nur noch etwa 20.000 Einwohner zählte, neue Bedeutung als Hauptstadt des Kirchenstaates (Patrimonium Petri) und als wichtigster Wallfahrtsort des Christentums neben Jerusalem und Santiago de Compostela. Neuer Glanz kam im Jahr 800 in die Stadt, als Karl der Große durch Papst Leo III. zum Kaiser des Heiligen Römischen Reiches gekrönt wurde. Zwischen 843 und 849 scheiterten drei Eroberungsversuche durch muslimische Araber, die Stadthälfte auf dem rechten Tiberufer aber wurde 846 geplündert. Das von der katholischen Kirche direkt in Rom vermutete Grab des nach dem Brand Roms unter Nero im Jahre 64 hingerichteten Apostels Paulus sowie unzählige andere Reliquien verhießen ab 1300 in den Heiligen Jahren den Pilgern außergewöhnliche Gnaden und Ablässe. Hierzu trug im Besonderen die Vermutung bei, dass Simon Petrus gemeinsam mit Paulus hingerichtet und in Rom begraben worden sein soll. Diese Annahme ist bis heute unter Historikern äußerst umstritten. Die Pilger stellten ein Standbein der Kommune dar, die sich seit dem 12. Jahrhundert um die Eigenverwaltung bemühte. Ein erstes Aufleben der Kommune im Streit mit dem Papsttum unter Beteiligung des Kirchenreformers Arnold von Brescia wurde mit der Kaiserkrönung Friedrich Barbarossas 1155 gewaltsam unterbrochen. Das Aufblühen Roms in der Renaissance wurde 1527 durch das Sacco di Roma („Plünderung Roms“) unterbrochen, als die Söldnertruppen Karls V. Rom plünderten und verwüsteten. In christlicher Zeit sind viele bedeutende Bauten entstanden, zum Beispiel die so genannten vier Patriarchalbasiliken Sankt Paul vor den Mauern über dem Grab des heiligen Apostels Paulus aus dem 4. Jahrhundert, der Lateran, ebenfalls aus dem 4. Jahrhundert, von Francesco Borromini barockisiert, Santa Maria Maggiore aus dem 5. Jahrhundert und vor allem der Petersdom, der in der heutigen Form aus der Renaissance und dem Barock stammt. In der Renaissance und im Barock fand die Stadt ein neues Gepräge, das hauptsächlich von Kirchen bestimmt wird, aber auch von neuen Straßenzügen mit Sichtachsen auf Obelisken, Palästen und Plätzen mit Brunnen. In diesem Zustand ist Rom bis heute verblieben, weshalb die römische Altstadt neben dem Vatikan eines der beiden Weltkulturerbe in der Stadt Rom darstellt.
Die „Ewige Stadt“Schon in der Kaiserzeit tauchte der Begriff der „Ewigen Stadt“ im Zusammenhang mit Rom auf. Der berühmte römische Geschichtsschreiber Vergil (70-19 v. Chr.) schrieb nach dem Vorbild Homers die Äneis, welche eine Erzählung der Vorgeschichte und Bedeutung Roms darstellt. Dieses Buch wurde schon in diesen Zeiten zu einem Lehrbuch an römischen Schulen und gilt als das Nationalepos der Römer. Der Gott Jupiter prophezeit in diesem Werk die Ewigkeit Roms. Er spricht davon, dass es „die Kunst des Römers sei, die Welt zu regieren, Völkern Friedensgesetze zu geben, Besiegte zu schonen und Stolze zu beugen“. Auch am Ende der Kaiserzeit (Mitte bzw. Ende des 4. Jahrhunderts n. Chr.) sprechen einige Autoren vom nie untergehenden Rom. Der Offizier und Geschichtsschreiber Ammianus Marcellinus (um 333-nach 391) begründet in seiner Lebensanalogie die Ewigkeit Roms damit, dass virtus (Kraft, Tugend) und fortuna (Glück) bei der Gründung einen Bund ewigen Friedens geschlossen hätten, welcher garantiert, dass Rom solange Menschen leben bestehen wird. Auch der Jurist und hohe Beamte Aurelius Prudentius Clemens (348- nach 405) verglich die Idee des Ewigen Roms mit der Idee des christlichen Roms. Das Römische Reich habe, so Prudentius, die Menge der Völker geeint und mit seinem Frieden den Christen den Weg bereitet. Weiterhin sei Rom nicht seiner Kraft beraubt oder gealtert, sondern könne immer noch zu den Waffen greifen, wenn die Kriege riefen.
Hauptstadt ItaliensNach dem Ende des Kirchenstaates wurde Rom am 26. Januar 1871 die Hauptstadt des neuen Italien. Unter Mussolini wurden die Differenzen zwischen Staat und Kirche durch die Lateranverträge mit dem Heiligen Stuhl 1929 beendet und der unabhängige Staat der Vatikanstadt begründet. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg verließ 1946 der König das Land, und Italien wurde Republik. 1960 fanden in Rom die XVII. Olympischen Sommerspiele statt.
Rom heuteDie großen Bauten des 20. Jahrhunderts wurden fast alle in den Außenvierteln wie dem E.U.R. errichtet, so etwa der Palazzo del Lavoro. In der Innenstadt dagegen sind Baumaßnahmen aus denkmalpflegerischen Gründen nur selten erlaubt. Derzeit finden große Grabungen im Bereich der antiken Kaiserforen statt. Im modernen Stadtbild ist die Vergangenheit noch an vielen Stellen anzutreffen. So ist etwa das Theater des Pompeius am Campo de' Fiori aus dem 1. Jahrhundert v. Chr., in dessen Vorhof zu Cäsars Zeit die Kurie untergebracht war und er wohl auch getötet wurde, noch zu großen Teilen erhalten. Allerdings ist im Verlauf der Jahrhunderte aus dem Halbrund für die Zuschauer eine Wohnbebauung geworden. Heute befinden sich darin Keller und eine Tiefgarage, Restaurants und Bars, Privatwohnungen und Hotelpensionen. Alle Zimmer haben aufgrund der ursprünglichen halbrunden Theaterstruktur einen trapezförmigen Grundriss. Die Erneuerung der Stadt stellt die Römer im Alltag oft vor große Probleme. Schon der Bau einer riesigen Tiefgarage zum Jahr 2000 in einen Tuffhügel am Petersplatz war umstritten, weil die Zerstörung archäologischer Reste befürchtet wurde. Aus demselben Grund wurde die immer noch dringend benötigte dritte Metro-Linie bis heute nicht gebaut. Größere Probleme als die historische Innenstadt machen die oft unschönen Vorstädte mit ihrer hohen Kriminalitätsrate. Dort waren nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg oft nachträglich gegen eine Gebühr genehmigte Gebäude fast unkontrolliert in die römische Campagna gebaut worden. Während in der Innenstadt die Kirchen aufgrund ihrer Überzahl oft kaum noch zu erhalten sind, fehlten sie in der Umgebung häufig völlig. Bis heute sind in der einstigen Stadt der „Thermen für alle“ öffentliche Bäder kaum vorhanden. Die Einwohner die es sich leisten können, besitzen eine Wohnung in einem der oft begrünten und sorgsam gepflegten Innenhöfe oder gar eine kleine Villa im Stadtbereich. Insgesamt hat sich seit der Wahl des grünen Bürgermeisters Rutelli Anfang der 1990er Jahre und unter der Regierung von Silvio Berlusconi die Situation nur wenig gebessert. Unter dem Pontifikat Papst Johannes Paul II. erlebte die Stadt zweimal einen nie zuvor da gewesenen Menschenandrang. Im Jahr 2000 kamen zum Gottesdienst am Weltjugendtag zwei Millionen Menschen vor die Tore der Stadt. An den Begräbnisfeierlichkeiten am 8. April 2005 auf dem Petersplatz nahmen 200 Staats- und Regierungschefs sowie drei bis vier Millionen Menschen aus aller Welt teil, von denen aber nur 300.000 Platz fanden, die übrigen verfolgten die Zeremonien auf Videogroßbildschirmen.
Mosaik mit der Abbildung des Papstes
Paschalis I. in der Kirche
Basilica di Santa Prassede
ReligionenIn der Antike war die Römische Mythologie mit ihren Kulten die am weitesten verbreitete Religion in der Stadt. Dennoch waren in diesem Kulturzentrum auch andere Religionen vertreten, wie zum Beispiel der Mithraskult und weitere Mysterienkulte. Bereits sehr früh entstand eine christliche Gemeinde in der Stadt, welche trotz der Christenverfolgungen rasch anwuchs. Ab der Herrschaftszeit Konstantins des Großen nahm das Christentum im Römischen Reich einen Aufschwung und überlebte auch dessen Untergang. Nachdem die Stadt mehrfach von heidnischen Völkern geplündert und zerstört wurde, setzte sich Rom als Zentrum des Kirchenstaates durch. Infolgedessen wurden in Rom unzählige Kirchen errichtet, die die wichtigsten Heiligtümer beherbergen. Nachdem Rom 1797 von Napoléon Bonaparte erobert worden war, wurde es nach dem Wiener Kongress 1815 wieder unter päpstliche Hoheit gestellt. Da das italienische Nationalbewusstsein unter der französischen Besatzung gewachsen war, kam es zum Krieg zwischen dem inzwischen vereinigten Italien und dem Papstsitz Rom. Der Papst zog sich darauf hin in den Vatikan zurück, der 1929 in den Lateranverträgen als eigenständiger Staat akzeptiert wurde. Seitdem ist Rom, besonders der Vatikan, wieder ein großes geistliches Zentrum des Christentums.
EinwohnerentwicklungRoms Geschichte begann etwa 800 v. Chr. mit einem Bündnis verschiedener kleiner Dörfer mit wenigen hundert bis tausend Einwohnern. Von da an wuchs Rom in den nächsten Jahrhunderten kontinuierlich zu einer Megastadt, die über eine Million Einwohner zählte. Im Zuge der Verlegung bedeutender Hauptstadtfunktionen nach Konstantinopel im 4. Jahrhundert sowie des Zerfalls des Weströmischen Reiches im 5. Jahrhundert nahm die Bevölkerung deutlich ab und sank rasch bis zum Jahr 530 auf etwa 100.000. Im frühen Mittelalter war Rom mit 20.000 Einwohnern im Vergleich zu heute eine Kleinstadt. Erst mit dem Aufstieg des Kirchenstaates blühte Rom erneut auf und konnte als Wallfahrtszentrum bis zum Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts seine Einwohnerzahl wieder auf 230.000 steigern. Erst im 20. Jahrhundert wuchs Rom erneut zur Millionenstadt heran, indem es in rund 100 Jahren seine Einwohnerzahl mehr als verzehnfachte. Die folgende Übersicht zeigt die Einwohnerzahlen nach dem jeweiligen Gebietsstand. Bis 1858 handelt es sich um Schätzungen, von 1871 bis 2001 um Volkszählungsergebnisse und 2005 um eine Fortschreibung des Nationalinstituts für Statistik (ISTAT).
Bevölkerungsentwicklung von Rom
(*)
Schisma
1309-1376,
Pestepidemie 1348/50
Politik
Bürgermeister
Palazzo Senatorio, das Rathaus von Rom
Flagge der Stadt Rom
Giovanni Alemanno wurde am 28. April 2008 zum Bürgermeister von Rom gewählt. In der Stichwahl erreichte er gegen den früheren Bürgermeister Francesco Rutelli 53,7 % der Stimmen[2]. Der bisherige Bürgermeister Walter Veltroni wurde 2001 gewählt und am 28. Mai 2006 für eine zweite Amtszeit mit 61 % der Stimmen im ersten Wahlgang im Amt bestätigt. [3] Der heutige Bürgermeister Alemanno scheiterte mit nur 37,1 %. Veltroni trat am 13. Februar 2008 als Bürgermeister, wegen seiner Kandidatur bei den Parlamentswahlen, zurück.[4] Bürgermeister von Rom:
GemeinderatDer Gemeinderat von Rom mit 60 Mitgliedern hat seit der Kommunalwahl 2008 folgende Zusammensetzung:
StädtepartnerschaftenRom unterhält mit folgenden Städten Partnerschaften:
Kultur und Sehenswürdigkeiten
Überblick
Engelsburg
St. Paul vor den Mauern
Rom wurde der Überlieferung zufolge im Jahre 753 v. Chr. auf einem der sieben Hügel gegründet. Jedoch lassen Funde darauf schließen, dass bereits 1000 v. Chr. in diesem Bereich menschliche Siedlungen existiert haben müssen. Besonders das Bild des Hügels Palatin und des nördlich gelegenen Tales ist durch antike Bauwerke bestimmt. Dies ist darauf zurückzuführen, dass der Palatin in der Kaiserzeit Residenzhügel der Kaiser war, während sich im Tal zwischen dem Palatin und dem Kapitol das Forum Romanum befand, das Zentrum des städtischen Lebens im antiken Rom. Als Innenstadt Roms gilt der Bereich innerhalb der Aurelianischen Mauer, die im 3. Jahrhundert um das Gebiet der sieben Hügel Kapitol, Quirinal, Viminal, Esquilin, Caelius, Aventin und Palatin errichtet wurde. Das historische Zentrum breitet sich fast ausschließlich am linken Ufer des Tibers aus. Hier befinden sich die meisten und größten Baudenkmäler aus der Antike. Die christlichen Gebäude hingegen sind auf beiden Seiten des Tiber verstreut. Die Vatikanstadt mit dem weithin sichtbaren Petersdom befindet sich jedoch auf der rechten Seite des Tibers. Das historische Zentrum von Rom, der Petersdom und die Vatikanstadt wurden von der UNESCO im Jahre 1980 zum Weltkulturerbe erklärt. Die äußere Stadt und die Peripherie Roms befinden sich im Bereich außerhalb der aurelianischen Mauer. Die Konzentration antiker Bauwerke ist hier deutlich geringer, wenn man auch immer wieder solche antrifft. Man findet jedoch zahlreiche Kirchen, welche auch in diesem Bereich errichtet wurden, so zum Beispiel die Basilika St. Paul vor den Mauern. Die 1995 errichtete „Große Moschee“, 1150 Jahre nach einer gescheiterten Belagerung durch die Muslime, war bis 2005 die größte Moschee Europas und ein Zentrum des Islam in Italien.
Theater
Piazza Venezia mit Monumento Vittorio Emmanuele II
Rom spielt eine führende Rolle im italienischen Kulturleben. Im Opernhaus der Stadt, das zu den größten in Italien zählt, werden Opernaufführungen geboten, die im Sommer auch in den Caracalla-Thermen stattfinden. Außerdem gibt es in Rom etwa 20 Theater und sechs Konzertsäle, die außerhalb der Sommermonate mit einem abwechslungsreichen Programm aufwarten. Im April 2002 wurde im nördlichen Teil der Stadt ein Konzertpark eröffnet; das rund 50.000 Quadratmeter große Areal umfasst unter anderem drei Konzerthallen mit 700, 1.200 und 2.700 Plätzen, die nach Plänen des Genueser Architekten Renzo Piano erbaut wurden.
MuseenDas älteste Museum Roms sind die 1471 eingerichteten Kapitolinischen Museen, die neben den wesentlich größeren Vatikanischen Museen zu den bedeutendsten Kunstkollektionen Roms gehören. In der Villa Giulia, dem Landhaus Papst Julius II. welches Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts errichtet wurde, ist eine herausragende Sammlung etruskischer und antiker Römischer Kunst untergebracht. Die Kunstsammlung der Familie Borghese wird in ihrem Palast aus dem frühen 17. Jahrhundert ausgestellt. Sie trägt den Namen Galleria Borghese und besteht vor allem aus Gemälden und Plastiken. Im von Michelangelo entworfenen Museo Nazionale Romano delle Terme sind griechische und römische Plastiken ausgestellt. Ebenfalls bedeutend sind die Gemäldegalerien im Palazzo Doria Pamphili und im Palazzo Colonna, die Renaissance-Bronzensammlung im Palazzo Venezia und die Gemäldesammlung im Palazzo Barberini.
Bauwerke
Der
Janusbogen beim Forum Boarium
Blick über den Tiber auf den Petersdom
Der Petersdom
Rom vom Petersdom aus gesehen
Das Kolosseum bei Nacht
Der
Trevi-Brunnen
Rom beherbergt als eine der großen Kulturstädte Europas zahlreiche Denkmäler von der Zeit der Etrusker bis hin zur Gegenwart, wobei die Zeugnisse aus der Zeit der etruskischen Könige und der römischen Frühgeschichte eher spärlich sind. Umso umfangreicher sind die Hinterlassenschaften aus der Epoche des Römischen Reiches. Sie reichen vom fast vollständig erhaltenen Pantheon (gegründet im Jahre 27 v. Chr., wiederaufgebaut zwischen 118 und 128 n. Chr.), dem einzigen erhaltenen Kuppelbau der Antike, bis zum eindrucksvollen Kolosseum (fertiggestellt 80 n. Chr.), dem größten Amphitheater der Antike, das Austragungsstätte von Gladiatorenkämpfen und anderen Schauspielen war. Seit dem Jahre 1999 dient das Kolosseum auch als Monument gegen die Todesstrafe: Immer wenn ein Staat dieser Welt die Todesstrafe abschafft, wird das Kolosseum 48 Stunden lang hell erleuchtet – was aber nur selten geschieht. In der Stadt findet man neben den antiken Stadtmauern Triumphbögen, einzigartige Kirchen und Paläste sowie große öffentliche Plätze; besonders bedeutend sind das Forum Romanum und die Kaiserforen, ebenso wie die Caracalla-Thermen (erbaut um 217 n. Chr.), die heute als Szenerie für die Opernaufführungen im Sommer genutzt werden, die Katakomben – weit verzweigte unterirdische Anlagen, in denen Christen ihre Gottesdienste feierten und bestattet wurden – und die Engelsburg, die als Mausoleum für den römischen Kaiser Hadrian erbaut und im Mittelalter zu einer Festung ausgebaut wurde. Im 4. Jahrhundert wurde die Kirche San Paolo fuori le mura gebaut und nach der Zerstörung durch einen Brand im Jahre 1823 wiedererrichtet. Die Basilica San Giovanni in Laterano wurde im 4. Jahrhundert errichtet und im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert im Wesentlichen wiederaufgebaut. Die aus dem 5. Jahrhundert stammende Kirche San Pietro in Vincoli ist im 15. Jahrhundert restauriert worden und beherbergt die berühmte Moses-Statue von Michelangelo Buonarroti. Weitere bedeutende Bauwerke sind die Piazza Navona mit drei Brunnen (darunter die Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi, ein Hauptwerk des italienischen Bildhauers Gian Lorenzo Bernini), die Piazza del Campidoglio (Kapitolsplatz mit einer Bronzestatue des Kaisers Marcus Aurelius, die im 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr. fertiggestellt wurde), die Fontana di Trevi (ein Barock-Brunnen aus dem 18. Jahrhundert, in den Touristen traditionell Münzen hineinwerfen und sich etwas wünschen) und die Piazza di Spagna mit der berühmten, aus dem 18. Jahrhundert stammenden Spanischen Treppe, die zu der aus dem 15. Jahrhundert stammenden Kirche Santa Trinità dei Monti hinaufführt. Weitere Sehenswürdigkeiten des christlichen Roms sind über die gesamte Stadt verstreut. Das christliche Zentrum bildet hierbei der nicht zugängliche Staat der Vatikanstadt mit dem Petersdom. Weitere große Kirchen wie die Lateranbasilika, Santa Maria Maggiore, Sankt Paul vor den Mauern befinden sich innerhalb des Stadtgebiets. Die meisten Kirchen sind besonders prunkvoll ausgestattet und enthalten Kunstwerke von unschätzbarem Wert. Sehenswürdigkeiten des modernen Roms befinden sich eher in den äußeren Bezirken der Stadt, wie zum Beispiel Bauwerke für die Olympischen Sommerspiele 1960, entworfen von Pier Luigi Nervi, einem der führenden italienischen Architekten des 20. Jahrhunderts, aber auch Ehrenmäler und Hochhäuser. Über die ganze Stadt verteilt sind zahlreiche weitere Baudenkmäler, Plätze, Brunnen und Obelisken, welche von großen Künstlern geschaffen und prunkvoll verziert wurden. Im Westen der Stadt entstand 1972–1982 mit dem Wohnkomplex Corviale das längste Hochhaus Europas.
Parks
Villa Torlonia
Galleria Borghese im Park
Villa Borghese
Unter den zahlreichen fürstlichen Villen, welche das päpstliche Rom umringten, existieren noch mit ihren riesigen Parkanlagen Villa Borghese, Villa Ada und Villa Doria Pamphili. Weitere Parks sind:
Sport
Das Olympiastadion (rechts) und der Tiber (links)
In der Stadt gibt es mit dem 1927 gegründeten AS Rom und dem im Jahre 1900 gegründeten Lazio Rom zwei national und international bedeutende Fußballvereine. Beide Vereine tragen ihre Heimspiele im 85.000 Zuschauer fassenden Olympiastadion aus. Der AS Rom wurde dreimal Italienischer Fußball-Meister, neunmal Italienischer Fußball-Pokalsieger und gewann einmal (1961) den UEFA-Pokal. Lazio Rom wurde zweimal Meister, viermal Pokalsieger und gewann einmal (1999) den Europapokal der Pokalsieger. Rom war Austragungsort der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1960 und der ersten Paralympics überhaupt. Das Olympiastadion liegt im Norden der Stadt.
Kulinarische Spezialitäten
Pantheon
Das kulinarische Angebot in Rom ist sehr abwechslungsreich und reicht von ausgezeichneter Küche der berühmtesten Köche internationalen Niveaus bis zur typisch römischen Küche mit ihrer Vielfältigkeit; von der jüdischen Küche zur Zubereitung von Schalentieren über Spezialitäten aus Latium bis hin zu ausgezeichneten Fischgerichten. Typische Gerichte der römischen Küche sind die „coda alla vaccinara“, Schwänze junger Rinder in Wein mit Tomaten und Pfefferschoten gekocht, die „pajata“, gefüllter Kalbsdarm mit Tomatensoße, das „abbacchio alla scottadito“ (Milchlammkoteletts), oder die „trippa alla romana“ (Kutteln in Tomaten-Minzsoße), die mit der Zeit immer weiter verfeinert wurden und heute wahre Spezialitäten sind. Schmackhaft sind auch die Supplì al Telefono, frittierte Reisklößchen gefüllt mit Mozzarella, gefüllte Zucchiniblüten und Bruschette geröstete Brotscheiben mit Öl und Knoblauch oder auch in vielen anderen Varianten, beispielsweise mit Tomaten. Eine weitere römische Spezialität sind verschiedene Zubereitungsarten von jungen Artischocken, beispielsweise „alla Romana“ mit Knoblauch und Minze im Ofen gedünstet oder frittiert „alla Giudea“, und aus der jüdisch-römischen Küche kommt das beliebte Baccalà, frittierte Kabeljaufilets, die oft als Imbiss zwischendurch gegessen werden. Auch zwei der berühmtesten Nudelgerichte kommen aus Rom, die „bucatini (dickere Spaghetti mit einem Loch) all’amatriciana“, mit Bauchspeck in der Tomatensoße, und die „spaghetti alla carbonara“. Sie wurden einer Legende nach in der Besatzungszeit für amerikanische Soldaten als Ersatz für deren typisches Frühstück mit Speck und Ei erfunden, sind aber wohl schon viel länger bekannt, da sie in einem historischen Kochbuch aus dem 19. Jahrhundert beschrieben werden. Die traditionellen Restaurants der Stadt mit echten römischen Spezialitäten befinden sich überwiegend in Testaccio rund um den früheren Schlachthof.
Wirtschaft und Infrastruktur
Wirtschaft
Der Tiber und die Engelsbrücke
Rom ist seit dem Zweiten Weltkrieg der dynamischste Wirtschaftsstandort in Italien. Seine Wirtschaft basiert auf Dienstleistungsbranchen, profitiert speziell von ansässigen Staatsbetrieben sowie dem Fremdenverkehr. Daneben dominieren besonders der Groß- und Einzelhandel. Als Industriestandort produziert Rom vor allem die traditionellen Industrieerzeugnisse Textilien und Souvenirs für Touristen, sowie die neueren Erzeugnisse wie Nahrungsmittel, pharmazeutische Produkte, Maschinen, Papier- und Metallwaren. Daneben ist Rom wegen des Klimas und der Monumente auch für die Filmindustrie ein wichtiger Standort.
Verkehr
Waggon eines Zuges der U-Bahn-Linie A
Rom selbst hat zwei internationale Flughäfen, Fiumicino (Leonardo da Vinci) und Ciampino (G. B. Pastine). Der an der Küste gelegene internationale Flughafen Leonardo da Vinci ist neben dem Mailänder Flughafen Malpensa das wichtigste Luftfahrtdrehkreuz des italienischen Luftverkehrs. Als zentraler Knotenpunkt des italienischen Eisenbahnsystems verfügt Rom über die Bahnhöfe Roma Tiburtina, Roma Ostiense, Roma Tuscolana, Roma Trastevere, Roma San Pietro, sowie den Hauptbahnhof Roma Termini. Mit der Inbetriebnahme der neuen Hochgeschwindigkeitsbahnstrecke nach Neapel in diesem Jahr und dem baldigen Ausbau des Bahnhofes Tiburtina werden Züge, die Rom nur als Durchgangsstation durchfahren, nicht mehr den Hauptbahnhof Termini anfahren. Der im Norden der Stadt gelegene Rangierbahnhof Roma Smistamento (italienisch: Rangierbahnhof) wird nach seiner Stilllegung in dieser Funktion noch weiterhin als Güterbahnhof genutzt.
Straßenbahnnetz
Rom verfügt über ein gut ausgebautes, aber häufig überlastetes ÖPNV-System, bestehend aus Bussen, Tram und U-Bahn (die Metropolitana). Die ganze Stadt ist durch ein System aus Express- und Stadtbussen recht gut erschlossen. Das U-Bahn-System mit den Linien A und B ist nur mäßig ausgebaut, da eine Beschädigung vieler historischer Gebäude und Anlagen durch den Bau der Tunnel befürchtet werden musste. Daher sind diese Linien insbesondere in den Stoßzeiten häufig überlastet. Der erste Streckenabschnitt der Metro wurde am 9. Februar 1955 zwischen Termini und Laurentina eröffnet. Heute fährt sie auf zwei Linien mit einer Länge von 36,6 Kilometern. Eine Erweiterung der Linie B und eine neue Linie C sind in Bau. Nachdem zwischen dem 8. Januar 1937 und dem 2. Juli 1972 schon einmal Oberleitungsbusse in Rom fuhren, wurde das System auf einer Linie von 11,3 km nach einer Unterbrechung von 33 Jahren am 23. März 2005 wieder eingeführt.
Südl. Einfallstraße
Via Appia Nuova
Die Straßenbahn von Rom nahm am 2. August 1877 den Betrieb auf. Sie verkehrt in sechs Linien auf einem 51,31 Kilometer langen Streckennetz. Die Straßen Roms sind notorisch verstopft. Auch die Ringautobahn GRA (A90) (Grande Raccordo Anulare) kann den täglichen Kollaps nicht verhindern. Die Innenstadt gilt als verkehrsberuhigte Zone (ZTL). Das heißt, Privatautos dürfen sie tagsüber zwischen 6 und 18 Uhr nur mit einer speziellen Ausnahmegenehmigung befahren. Auch die beiden Stadtteile Trastevere und San Lorenzo wurden verkehrsberuhigt, diese jedoch in den Abendstunden. Allerdings hat eine großzügige Praxis der Ausnahmegenehmigungen den Effekt verwässert.
MedienIn Rom werden mehrere Tages- und Wochenzeitungen herausgegeben:
Weiter ist die Filmstadt Cinecittà sehr bekannt für erfolgreiche Produktionen. Die Rundfunkanstalt Radiotelevisione Italiana hat ebenfalls ihren Hauptsitz in Rom.
BildungRom hat drei staatliche Universitäten: Die Universitá degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza ist eine der ältesten Universitäten Europas (Gründung: 1303) und mit 147.000 Studenten die größte Universität Europas. Die beiden anderen Universitäten sind die Tor Vergata und Roma Tre. Daneben bestehen mehrere katholische Universitäten als Einrichtungen des Heiligen Stuhls bzw. einzelner geistlicher Orden. Außerdem ist Rom der Sitz der Akademie der Schönen Künste, der Nationalen Akademie für Tanz, der Nationalen Akademie für dramatische Kunst, des Musikkonservatoriums und des Zentralinstituts für die Restaurierung von Kunstwerken.
Überblick über Rom vom Petersdom aus
Internationale OrganisationenDie Hauptverwaltungen zahlreicher internationaler Unternehmen und Organisationen haben ihren Sitz in Rom. Hierzu zählen unter anderem die Ernährungs- und Landwirtschaftsorganisation der Vereinten Nationen (FAO), der Internationale Fonds für landwirtschaftliche Entwicklung (IFAD), der Welternährungsrat (WFC) und das Welternährungsprogramm (WFP).
Söhne und Töchter der Stadt→ Hauptartikel: Liste der Söhne und Töchter Roms
Literatur
Brücken in Rom
Filme
Fotogalerie
Siehe auch
Portal:
Rom und Römisches Reich – Übersicht zu Wikipedia-Inhalten zum Thema
Rom und Römisches Reich
Anmerkungen
Weblinks Commons:
Rom – Bilder, Videos und Audiodateien Wiktionary:
Rom – Bedeutungserklärungen, Wortherkunft, Synonyme, Übersetzungen
und Grammatik Wikiquote:
Rom – Zitate
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| Rome Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see 'Asia' - Four Rivers Fountain 'Asia' - Four Rivers Fountain Gaynor Andrews Roma: The name inverts neatly to form amor[e]. No wonder that a natural occurrence is to fall in love with Rome -- her magnificence will leave you breathless. Rome is the fabled Eternal City and Rome activities and sights create fascination in the mind of the traveler. Rome -- romantic, resplendent Rome, can reward as no other city can. Do not expect her playful, exuberant fountains to cease from casting their liquid diamonds into the sky, even during the quiet hours of the night, for there is no stopping the flow of her hundreds of miles of aqueducts, which will also be serving your grand Rome hotel room. Yet, as no other city has been the focal point of the world for such a long period of time, as any text book or Rome travel guide will explain, few have such a long and turbulent history as has Roma. Lavished with architectural jewelry from republican to imperial to early-Christian to medieval to renaissance to modern times by history's greatest artists, the queen of cities has also experienced sieges and raids that left their scars. But each time the Eternal City recovered from her injuries in glorious form. Roma’s history is tightly connected to the history of Europe as a whole. Not just the Roman emperors but also medieval emperors and kings, such as Charlemagne and Otto I, regarded Rome as the true seat of power; only here could their authority, through benediction by the popes, be sanctified. "Non basta una vita," it is said: One does not have to be one of the countless academics residing in her many foreign institutes to declare that one life is not enough to get to know Roma. You could easily spend nine, like the stray cats that populate the city, and still find more to discover. At each corner of each street there is a multitude of stories to tell, with layer upon layer of history beneath the feet. A modern school occupies a renaissance palace built on the foundations of an imperial bath complex whose mosaics and aqueduct conduits can still be seen, and a baroque church incorporating the structure of a medieval basilica stands on the foundations of a republican temple. These are only two of the myriad stories in Roma, which together hardly even begin to reveal the history of this 3000-year-old city. Be certain not to miss The Eternal City's Trevi Fountain (remember Anita Ekberg in the classic scene in La Dolce Vita), the Spanish Steps, Piazza Navona, Piazza del Popolo, as well as some of the Roman heritage sights, such as the Pantheon, the Colosseum and the Forum Romanum. Be sure to visit a few of her world-famous churches, such as Il Gesu, S. Giovanni in Laterano and Sta. Maria Maggiore; and the Vatican, which features the incredibly huge St. Peter's Basilica and the unrivaled Vatican Museums. In addition, sunrise on the Gianicolo and sunset on the Pincio, with vistas of a sea of golden domes and bell-towers, are sure to record unforgettable images on the mind. Not far from Roma you can find the wonderful Ancient Ostia, the ancient port of Rome, where you can enjoy a great day walking among bath complexes, squares, temples, and lots of well-preserved stores, like the Tabernae, an ancient take-away Rome restaurant/pub. Top Ten Things to Do in Rome St. Peter’s Basilica – St. Peter’s Basilica is the largest church in the world. This magnificent and ancient structure features a large number of artworks, including Michelangelo’s Pieta, as well as a museum and underground tombs of former popes (grottoes), and a tower, which leads to Michelangelo’s dome. Once you reach the dome observatory, you will enjoy spectacular panoramic views of Rome. Vatican City, Rome, Ph: +39 06 6988 3712, http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org. The Colosseum – The Colosseum attracts more visitors than any other historic structure in Rome. Tough to miss, the Colosseum reaches 159 feet into the sky and it measures a massive 616 feet by 511 feet. This ancient amphitheater was the setting for public entertainment such as the infamous (and cruel) gladiator combat spectacles as well as other forms of “entertainment.” The Colosseum, which could accommodate 55,000 spectators pouring in from more than eight different entrances, features Corinthian, Doris, and Ionic styles – the ancient world’s classical styles. Address: Piazza del Colosseo Rome, Ph: +39 06 39967700, http://www.pierreci.it. Trajan’s Market – Considered an excellent example of urban Roman architecture. Built between 107 and 110 A.D., the market consists of warehouses, offices, and shops. Goods such as wine, oil, vegetables, fruits, and other groceries were sold here. The market also contains two spacious halls that were used for educational seminars, speeches, and concerts. Location: Via Quattro Novembre 144 on the Via de Fori Imperali at the opposite end of the Colosseum. +39 06 67900487. The Pantheon – The 141 foot dome is the major attraction here and until 1436, it was the largest dome in the world. At more than 1,800 years old, the Pantheon offers a look back into the great Roman Empire. The Pantheon is located in the historic center of Rome – Piazza del Rotonda, surrounded by numerous cafes, street vendors, and bustle. Admission is free. Contact: +39 06 68300230. Vatican Museums – Made up of a collection of some of the world’s most fascinating museums, the Vatican Museums is actually a complex of museums which house hundreds of thousands of artworks – considered the finest collection of art on the planet. The complex includes the one of the most popular attractions in Rome – the Sistine Chapel, as well as Gregorian Egyptian Museum (founded in 1839), the Vatican Pinacoteca (opened in 1932), the Ethnological Missionary Museum (founded in 1926) and the Vatican Historical Museum, to name a few. Vatican City. Fax Reservations: +39 06 69885100 (groups), +39 06 69884019 (individuals), E-mail: visiteguidate.musei@scv.va, http://www.vatican.va/phome_en.htm. Museum of Roman Civilization – This museum is a little out of the way, but it is a must see for all visitors to Rome. Located in the modern city Esposizione Universale Roma (or EUR), the Museum of Roman Civilization (Museo della Civilta Romana) is considered one of Rome’s most unique and interesting museums. The building itself is divided into 59 sections – each an illustration of the history of Roman civilization. EUR is located roughly 4.3 miles south the historic city center. Contact: +39 06 5926041. Villa Borghese – If you want to take a break from all of the museums, you can take a stroll through Villa Borghese or visit the Bioparco – Rome Zoo, which sits in the center of the park. Villa Borghese is the largest public park in Rome and it also houses several museums, although there is plenty to do besides museum hopping here. The 148-acre park also has fountains, lakes, temples, and statues to explore. Bioparco: http://ww.bioparco.it. Piazza Barberini and Triton Fountain – Piazza Barberini features several must-see Rome attractions. Built in 1643, the Fountain of the Triton was created by sculptor Berini. It consists of four dolphins holding an open clam -- Triton sits on the clam. Other attractions here include the Museum of Ancient Art – housed in Barberini Palace, and the Fountain of Bees, Via delle Quattro Fontane, 13, +39 06 32810; +39 06 4814591. Arch of Septimius Severus – The Arch of Septimius Severus or just “The Arch,” is located at the western end of the Forum, near Capitoline Hill. The well-preserved site Baths of Caracalla – Built between 212 and 219 A.D., the Baths of Caracalla (more than 50 baths) was the second largest baths complex in ancient Rome. While the complex was originally decorated with elaborate mosaics and statues, only several still remain. However, at 27 acres and room for 1,700 people, the ruins are still well worth the visit as it is quite a magnificent site. The Baths of Caracalla is located just southeast of ancient Rome’s center at Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, +39 06 39967700. Part or or all of this text stems from the original article at: rom _______Sights Edit This The "Wedding Cake" at night The "Wedding Cake" at night Ewan McDowall There are so many things to do in Rome and so many Rome activities, that you'll lose count. Even the lengthiest Rome travel guides can't cover all of the historic landmarks, monuments, and museums of Rome. Like most major travel destinations, Rome does have some top attractions -- but even the list of top attractions and Rome activities can reach into the hundreds. So, what you have time to see, of course, depends on how long you have to stay. Best bet -- sit down in your Rome hotel room and write out each day's must-sees using a one or two Rome travel guides, advice, the listings below, and your personal interests as your guide. If you plan to stay for 5-7 days, you will definitely have time to cover a good number of top Rome restaurants and many of the best sights, attractions, and side trips Rome has to offer. Continue reading through the listings below to read about some of Rome's top sights. Contributors March 24, 2006 change by giorgio May 22, 2008 change by mcburton Display all or display just: Churches Churches and Cathedrals Embassies and Consulates Fountains and statues Hotspots Museums Palaces Parks, Gardens and Zoos Roman Era general Show best rated on top | Show in alphabetical order [Add Sight] The Forum Romanum Edit This Fora Romano Fora Romano photo by: Kim Rowland With the name Forum Romanum are called all the monuments which remaining parts are standing between the Capitol, the Colosseum, the Imperial Fora and the Palatine. Here you can find the Arch of Triumph of Titus, the big Basilica of Maxentius, the Temple of Antonino and Faustina and the Temple of Saturn, just to mention some of these antique monuments. The forum, which was the heart of the city, started out as a open marketplace, but gradually it got more and more adorned with portico's basilica’s and temples. This was the area in which public life manifested itself. If more.. type: Roman Era World66 rating: [rate it] Il Gesù Edit This Il Gesù, or the church of the Santissimo nome di Gesù, is the mother church of the Jesuit order . Build between 1568 and 1575 this baroque church was the principal example for almost all Jesuit churches around the world. In the nave the flock had to be assembled and educated. The most important weapons in the counterreformation were education and a whole new army of Saints. This education is evident in the frescos that ornate the nave and depict the triumph of the Name of Christ. The fresco inside the cupola is also by Bacicca, who shows here he’s a master of more.. type: Churches World66 rating: [rate it] St. Peter Edit This St. Peter's Square St. Peter's Square photo by: Kim Rowland Though neither a cathedral, nor the mother church, this enormous church is in fact the center of the Catholic World, a role once performed by the St John Lateran. From here the pope, the successor of St Peter, tends his flock. The church was built over the grave of St Peter. Because of the location of this tomb on the hill, the St Peter is one of few churches that are not orientated towards the east, but just the other way around. Some people read in this orientation a reference to the crucifixion of St Peter, who was crucified up side down. The present day building is a more.. type: Palaces World66 rating: [rate it] url: www.newadvent.org Vatican City Edit This photo photo by: Kim Rowland The Vatican is since about six centuries the residence of the pope and since 1921 it's presenting an independent state called Vatican_City. The biggest square of the Vatican and the whole Rome is the Peter's Square, on it there is the biggest temple of the Christendom, the Vatican Basilica. In 1546 Michelangelo started with the construction of a dome, which was finished after he died in 1589. You can climb up this dome today and enjoy a unforgettable view over the Eternal City from its top. type: Hotspots World66 rating: [rate it] S. Giovanni in Laterano Edit This This church is the Cathedral of Rome. It was the first Christian Basilica build by Constantine. The church was probably build between 314 and 318 AD, and was the key example to almost all churches in the Romanesque era. The present day church is a recreation by Borromini from the 1646-'49, the last chapter in a long history of building, destruction and rebuilding. type: Churches World66 rating: [rate it] Piazza del Popolo Edit This photo photo by: Kim Rowland The Porta del Popolo on the north side of the Piazza marks one end, while the East is dominated by the passeggiata del Pincio. This piazza served as an exposition hall, a stadium, and a theater for popular plays. The face of the piazza changed a great deal from the 1400's to the 1800's, with the reconstruction of the Church of Santa Maria del Popolo, the placement of the Flaminian obelisk at the center of the piazza, and the addition of neo-classical elements by Giuseppe Valadier. type: Hotspots World66 rating: [rate it] The Colosseum Edit This The Coliseum The Coliseum photo by: Trisha Gensic The Coliseum is considered the symbol of Rome. This amphitheatre, built in about 10 years, shortly after the A.D.70, was the most imposing of all the monuments in ancient Rome. This ancient venue, where 50,000 people could be entertained was probably paid for with the treasures brought from raids. Usually it was used for shows with wild animals, and gladiators, and even sea battles. In A.D.438 this was abolished and the shows were only about animal hunting. The last show is dated in A.D.523 by Theodoric, King of Ostrogoths. The Coliseum was named more.. type: Hotspots World66 rating: [rate it] Vatican Museums Edit This x Made up of a collection of some of the world’s most fascinating museums, the Vatican Museums is actually a complex of museums which house hundreds of thousands of artworks – considered the finest collection of art on the planet. The complex includes the one of the most popular attractions in Rome – the Sistine Chapel, as well as Gregorian Egyptian Museum (founded in 1839), the Vatican Pinacoteca (opened in 1932), the Ethnological Missionary Museum (founded in 1926) and the Vatican Historical Museum, to name a few. type: Hotspots World66 rating: [rate it] address: Vatican City, Viale Vaticano - 00165 openinghours: 10:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. tel: Fax Reservations: +39 06 69885100 (groups), +39 06 69884019 (individuals) openingHours: 10:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. url: www.vatican.va email: visiteguidate.musei@scv.va La Bocca della Verità, (the mouth of truth) Edit This The Mouth of Truth The Mouth of Truth photo by: Don Edgar This strange river god used to be a drain cover, but since the middle ages this frightening image served as a lie detector. It was believed that if you told a lie with your hand in the mouth of this god, it would be bitten of. Of course it had to be helped sometimes by a servant with a blade. The “Bocca” was placed in the front yard of the Sta. Maria in Cosmedin church in the 17th century. The sculpture is thought to be part of a roman fountain or perhaps a "manhole" cover. Take bus 170 to Via del Teatro di Marcello (or any bus to more.. type: Hotspots World66 rating: [rate it] address: Piazza Bocca della Verità openings: 9:30am - 6pm daily. Piazza Venezia Edit This The "Wedding Cake" at night The "Wedding Cake" at night photo by: Ewan McDowall Orient yourself facing the large marble monument (Vittoriano/'Wedding Cake') to the south. Take a brief look to your right at the balcony of Palazzo Venezia from which Mussolini used to orate. Dominating the square, the Vittoriano is the monument to King Victor Emanuele, the unifier of Italy. (The 1870 Resorgimento - Italy is a young country, despite its ancient heritage.) Gaudy to some, the Italians derisively call it the Wedding Cake or the Typewriter. The flame in the center and the military guards mark Italy's tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Cross the square more.. type: Hotspots World66 rating: [rate it] Villa and Galleria Borghese Edit This At the northern edge of the city, at the top of the Spanish Steps is the Church of Trinita dei Monti (look at the facade-the interior isn't really worth the time) and the Villa Borghese, a large park that contains gardens and museums. The vast area with its woods, lakes and grass are a tranquil spot in Rome. It also includes the Museo Borghese, the renovated former country residence of the Borghese family. It now houses an astonishing collection of sculptures collected by Cardinal Scipione Borghese. This colection includes works by Raffaello, Antonio Canova, Pietro e Gian Lorenzo more.. type: Museums World66 rating: [rate it] openings: tue - sat 9am - 2pm, sun 9am - 1pm, closed mon tel: 8548577 San Pietro In Vincoli Edit This St. Peter in Chains was first built around 442 AD, and has been modified many times since. A shrine before the altar contains the chains that held St. Peter when he was imprisoned. To the right of the altar is a grand statue, the centerpiece of which is Moses. The statue of Moses was created by Michelangelo, while the surrounding works were done by his students. This church is a little tucked away but is fairly close to the Colliseum. type: Churches and Cathedrals World66 rating: [rate it] zipcode: 00184 Roma address: 4/a Piazza San Pietro in Vincoli url: roma.katolsk.no openings: open daily 07.00-12.30 and 15.30-18.00 tel: Tel. 06 48 82 865 Sant'Ignazio Edit This The fake "dome" of Sant'Ignazio The fake "dome" of Sant'Ignazio photo by: Don Edgar The residents of the neighbourhood where Sant'Ignazio was built didn't want a rather large dome blocking their sun, so Andrea Pozzo painted a fake dome on the ceiling using trompe l'oeil techniques. When standing on a golden disc in the floor of the main nave, the ceiling looks quite natural. From anywhere else in the church the "dome" looks quite distorted. From the alter it looks so out of proportion you wonder how you could ever have thought it was real from the entrance. Bus to Largo Argentina or Via del Corso. type: Churches World66 rating: [rate it] address: Piazza di Sant'Ignazio (near Pantheon) The Palatine hill Edit This According to legend Remus founded Rome on this hill on the 21st of April, 753 B.C. There has been a settlement here from the beginning of the first century B.C. and on this site archeologist have found remains of the oldest city walls (730-720 B.C.). Augustus build his palace on this hill, near the location of the house of Remus, as a claim to the in heritage of the founder of the city. After him most emperors took this area as their residence, which lead to its sole usage for the imperial palaces that now lay in ruins all over this hill. type: Roman Era World66 rating: [rate it] Castello Sant'Angelo Edit This Castello S. Angelo Castello S. Angelo photo by: SCramer When you cross the Tiber River on the imposing Angel's Bridge which was built together with the Castle S. Angelo in 130 A.D. by the emperor Hadrian, who wanted to erect the most beautiful emperor grave. After Hadrian all the following emperors and princes have been burried in this mausoleum. In 403 it has been strongly fortified and connected with the town wall, so that it became a real fortress. The transformation into a castle was in the 10th century and it has been connected with the Vatican by the Passetto in 1277. Since that time on it has always been in the hand of the more.. type: general World66 rating: [rate it] The crypt of Santa Maria della Concezione Edit This x Close to the Piazza Barberini you can find the The Santa Maria della Concezione. Down in the catacombs, this church houses one of the more bizarre sights in Rome; a series of chambers housing the skeletal remains of the Capuchin monks that served the church in past centuries. The bones are not just stored, but the chambers are literally decorated with them. They form intricate patterns on the walls and ceilings or are piled up against the walls. There are even a few skeletons dressed in the traditional brown habit. It´s a spooky, but also quite cool place. type: Palaces World66 rating: [rate it] address: 27 Via Vittorio Veneto openinghours: 9.00-12.00h - 15.00-18.00 May to October Scala Sancta Edit This Legend dictates that this was the staircase Christ once climbed to meet Pilatus, the governor of Jerusalem that sentenced him to be crucified. Helena, mother of Constantine, recovered it in Jerusalem, just like she found the true cross and the grave in which Christ lay till the third day. The stairs are actually a remnant of the old Lateran palace, leading to the Popes private chapel. The marble plates are protected by wood and just cleared in the midway to allow the faithful to ascend on their knees. At the top of the stairs there’s the Sancta Sanctorum, the inner sanctum, more.. type: Churches World66 rating: [rate it] The National Museum of Pasta Foods Edit This At the foot of the Quirinale Palace, quite near the Trevi Fountain, you can find this Museum dedicated to the second most famous Italian food. Not just pasta in different shapes and odd forms, but also history, ways of production and ancient machinery form the collection on display. A must for the true addict of Italian cuisine. type: Hotspots World66 rating: [rate it] address: Piazza Scanderbeg 117 openinghours: +39 06 6991119 Trevi fountain Edit This photo photo by: Kim Rowland Halfway between via del Corso and Piazza Barberini on via del Tritone you'll find a street on the south side called via Mortaro. It leads to via Poli which will take you in two blocks to the Trevi Fountain. A homely area, and generally overcrowded (with tourists like us), but a beautiful fountain, especially since they've renovated and cleaned it. A rarely visited fountain until the movie classics: “Three Coins in the Fountain” (1954) which opens with a view of this fountain and of course “La Dolce Vita” (1960) with Anita Ekberg and Marcello Mastroianni kissing in the more.. type: Hotspots World66 rating: [rate it] Piazza Navona Edit This Bernini's "La Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi" or Fountain of the Four Rivers Bernini's "La Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi" or Fountain of the Four Rivers photo by: Kim Rowland After visiting the Pantheon, turn left on leaving and use a map to find your way to the west, and the Piazza Navona. (It's straight ahead, but if it's your first time in Rome, a map may be comforting.) Piazza Navona is built on the foundations of Domitian's Circus, and you'll recognize the shape. A Christmas fair fills it in December. There are three fountains, of which the one in the center is world class, the fountain of the four rivers. The Tre Scalini ice cream shop (Gelateria) is famous for its Tartufo (Truffle) ice cream, preferably Tartufo con Panna - with more.. type: Hotspots World66 rating: [rate it] Subterranean Rome Edit This In Rome it has been a longtime practice to build new buildings on top of the rubble of old ones. Not many places were actually built underground, but due to this habit, and to earthquakes, numerous fires and frequent flooding of the Tiber river, the original pavement level has risen in some areas even over 25 meters. Palaces, houses and churches were buried like this, but still a lot of them can be visited. The church S. Clemente is a well-known example of a church on top of another, on top of a Roman house and a Mytras shrine, but it’s far from the only one. Santa Prisca, more.. type: Palaces World66 rating: [rate it] Museo Nazionale Romano Edit This The National Museum of Rome, which possesses one of the world's most important archaeological collections, is housed in three different facilities: the Baths of Diocletian, which include the Octagonal Hall and the two Palazzis Massimo and Altemps. The complex restructuring and renovation effort is partially completed, but work is still under way. For this reason, only a portion of the Museum's exhibitions can currently be visited. The historic headquarters of the Museum is the Baths complex built by Diocletian more.. type: Museums World66 rating: [rate it] address: Viale De Nicola 79, Via Romita, Piazza dei Cinquecento 68 openings: daily beside mon and sun afternoon tel: 4880530 Museo Nazionale di Villa Giulia Edit This The Villa Giulia, a collection of courtyards, loggias and gardens, is home to the world's primary collection of Etruscan treasures. The Museum is housed in the Villa of Pope Julius III or Villa Giulia, built from a design by Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola between 1551 and 1553. Best among the sculptures is the group of "Apollo and Herakles", other highlights are the "Sarcophagus of a married couple" from Ceveteri and the "Cistae" recovered from tombs around Praeneste. Take buses No. 19, 30, 52, 926. Admission fee: £ 8.000 type: Museums World66 rating: [rate it] address: Piazzale di Villa Giulia, 9 openings: weekdays 9 am - 2pm, sun 9 am - 1pm, mon closed tel: 3201951 or 3201993 Barracco Museum Edit This x In 1902 Barone Giovanni Barracco donated his personal art collection to the city of Rome, together with the building which housed it at that time. In 1948 the collection was rehoused in its present building, "The Piccola Farnesina" or "Farnesina dei Baullari", attributed to Antonio da Sangallo the Younger. The museum exhibits beautiful sculptures, such as a head of Alexander the Great (II sec. A.D.). Take buses No. 64, 62, 110, 46, 186. Admission fee: £ 3.750 type: Museums World66 rating: [rate it] address: Corso Vittorio Emanuele, 166 openings: tue to sun 9am - 1pm. tue and thur also 5 - 8pm. closed on monday tel: 68806848 Tempietto Edit This In the middle of the court of the S. Pietro in Montorio, on the spot St. Peter was believed to be crucified, Bramante build a small temple to illustrate his ideas on architectural proportions. This small building is often identified with the summit of the high renaissance. It’s set like a small jewel in an awkward setting of the surrounding architecture. In the small building one can see a reflection of the architectural theories of Alberti and DaVinci. type: Churches World66 rating: [rate it] Santa Sabina Edit This The interior of Santa Sabina The interior of Santa Sabina photo by: Don Edgar After a busy day meandering through the bustling crowds of the hectic city below, a rest in Santa Sabina is well worth the trip up Aventine Hill. The quiet interior of this church is the perfect place to find solitude. Adjoining the church is the Giardino degli Aranci, a peaceful park complete with orange trees, benches and a spectacular view of Rome and the Vatican City. Take Metro B: Circo Massimo or bus 95. type: Churches World66 rating: [rate it] address: Via di Santa Sabina Pantheon Edit This Another two blocks along and on your left you'll find the Torre Argentina, a large square. In the center are remains of several Republican Temples (i.e., before Caesar Augustus, probably 2nd or 1st century before the Christian Era). Across (on your right as you were walking down Corso V. Emanuele II) you'll find via di Torre Argentina. This eventually becomes via Rotondo, which will in turn take you into Piazza Rotondo, the square in which you'll find the Pantheon. The Pantheon ('Temple to All Gods') is the largest dome in Rome (yes ... larger than St. Peter's.) And, if you more.. type: Churches and Cathedrals World66 rating: [rate it] Bernini's Elephant Edit This Berninis "Pulcin della Minerva", Elephant & Obelisk Berninis "Pulcin della Minerva", Elephant & Obelisk photo by: Trevor J Gill Adjacent to the pantheon, this statue is a gem of Bernini's. A small elephant, brilliantly carved and very realistic carries an Egyptian obelisk on its back. type: Fountains and statues World66 rating: [rate it] Piazza di Spagna Edit This Spanish Step Spanish Step photo by: WT This is probably the most famous square, for Romans as well as for tourists who are all meeting on the Spanish Steps. On the bottom of the stairs there is the graceful Boat Fountain and on top of the stairs you can see the church Trinità dei Monti. type: Hotspots World66 rating: [rate it] Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna Edit This The Palazzo delle Belle Arti houses the National Gallery of Modern Art, the most important collection extant of 19th and 20th century Italian art founded in 1883. The National Gallery of Modern Art includes works of Balla, Morandi, Pirandello, Carrà, De Chirico, De Pisis, Guttuso, Fontana, Burri, Mastroianni, Turcato, Kandisky, Cézanne, etc. Take buses: 926, 19, 306 Admission fee: £ 8.000 type: Museums World66 rating: [rate it] address: Via delle Belle Arti, 113 openings: tue - sat 9am - 6.30pm, sun and holidays 9am - noon, closed mon tel: 3224152 or 3224153 Arch of Costantine Edit This photo photo by: Kim Rowland Just close to the Colosseum, there is the Arch of Costantine sits: another wonderful piece of history! The Senate of Rome added this arch in A.D.312 in order to adorn the square of the Colosseum. This magnificent building was erected in the honor of the Emperor Costantin for having liberated the city from the scary Maxentius. Though it’s the largest arch still standing, it was quite cheap to erect. Most statues and reliefs where taken from other monuments, dedicated to Trajan and Hadrian, and were reworked to fit this arch. Proof of this can be found in the portraits of the more.. type: Hotspots World66 rating: [rate it] Domus Aurea Edit This After the great fire of Rome of 64 A.D. the 2/3rd of the city lay in ruins. The emperor Nero took this opportunity to build a extravagant palace complex on the devastated site. This Domus Aurea, or golden palace, which was actually a series of palaces and gardens, captured the country life within the city walls. The building took such a vast area that his successors had to demolish great parts of it and erect public buildings on the site to unnerve the rumors that Nero himself was responsible for the fire, to return Rome to itself as Martialis wrote. Fact is that alongside the more.. type: Roman Era World66 rating: [rate it] Circus Maximus Edit This Circus Maximus from Palatine Hill Circus Maximus from Palatine Hill photo by: SCramer Legend dictates that the Etruscan King Tarquinius (600 B.C.) ordered the institution of this track to organize boxing matches and chariot races. When the Romans threw off their Etruscan yoke, these sports kept their popularity. The circus, which originated as a circular field, was expanded on several occasions to become a huge stadium. Next to the races all kinds of spectacles were organized. This is also the site were most Christian martyrs were slaughtered. Today, next to nothing remains of the original stadium. It is a grass / dirt field used for dog walking, pick up soccer more.. type: Hotspots World66 rating: [rate it] Catacombs of St. Domitilla Edit This Catacombs of St. Domitilla type: Embassies and Consulates World66 rating: [rate it] Galleria d'Arte Antica Edit This x The National Gallery of Ancient Art in Palazzo Barberini displays a rich patchwork of of mainly Italian art from the early Renaissance to late Baroque period. You can admire canvasses by Tintoretto, Titian, El Greco, Filippi Lippi (Madonna and child, 1437) and Raphael. The building itself is maybe the most impressive feature, famous architects like Bernini, Borromini and Maderno worked on it at different times. Take buses: 492, 204, 58, 58b, 56, 52, 53, Metro A (Barberini). Admission fee: £ 8.000 type: Museums World66 rating: [rate it] address: Via Quattro Fontane, 13 openings: tue - sat 9am - 7pm, sun and holidays 9am - 1pm tel: 4750184 Capitoline Museums Edit This The city's most important collection of antique art is exhibited in these museums. The collection was begun by Clement XII and added to by later popes, and is the oldes public artcollection in the world. The museums exhibits magnificent Roman and Greek sculptures, Renaissance bronzes and paintings by Carracci, Guercino and Caravaggio. Here the original statue of Marcus Aurelius is on display (the one outside on the square is a duplicate), but also the Etruscan statue of the wolf feeding Romulus and Remus and the remains of the collossal statue of Constantine. The more.. type: Museums World66 rating: [rate it] address: Piazza del Campidoglio openings: weekdays 9am - 2pm, tuesdays and saturdays also 5pm - 11pm, closed mondays tel: 67102071 Spada Gallery Edit This The Spada Gallery is housed in the Palace of the same name, once the property of Cardinal Girolamo Capodiferro (1501-1559). After the death of Cardinal Capodiferro the Palace passed to the Mignanelli family and was then bought in 1632 by Cardinal Bernardino Spada (1594-1661), who, from the moment he took up residence, decided not only to set up the basis of an art collection, but also decided on a series of modificatios employing various painters, sculptors and architets. Among the latter was Francesco Borromini who created the famous Perspective Gallery. The Gallery includes more.. type: Museums World66 rating: [rate it] address: Via Capodiferro, 3 openings: 9am - 7pm, sun 9am - 1pm, closed mon tel: 6861158 San Clemente Edit This The basilica itself dates back to the 12th century and is quite fascinating on its own. What is really fascinating, moreso than just the street level, is what lies beneath. This early church was built on an earlier 4th century church. Underneath the 4th century church is an ancient Roman level, complete with a Mithraeum (a cult chamber for an Eastern religion involving sacrificial bulls, a hero in a chef's hat and testicle-seizing scorpions). Admission to the the bottom two layers is only three euro and well worth the price. Take Metro B: Colosseo, Metro more.. type: Churches World66 rating: [rate it] address: Via San Giovanni in Laterano S. Giuseppe dei Falegnami Edit This x This church was build on top of the Mamertine prison. In origin this was probably an Etruscan cistern or possibly a grave. In the Roman period it was in use as a prison, and it’s believed that St Peter St Paul were imprisoned here, just as opponents to the Roman empire Vercingetorix and the Jugurtha were, hence the consecration of this former prison as St Peter in Carcere. The well in the floor is connected to one of the miracles connected to the life of St Peter. type: Churches World66 rating: [rate it] Santa Maria della Vittoria Edit This The interior of this tiny church follows all of the rules of the Baroque period--sumptuousness, gold everywhere and lots of colour. The real interest in the church is the masterpiece by the alter on the left in the Cornaro Chapel. It is none other than Bernini's "Ecstasy of St. Teresa." type: Churches World66 rating: [rate it] address: Largo Santa Susanna (the eastern end of Via del Quirinale) Area Sacra dell' Argentina Edit This It was here in Torre Argentina, the year 44 BC, that one of the most illustrious dictators was stabbed by his rival Brutus. Almost 20 centuries have passed since then, but Caesar's spirit surely lives on in some of the aristocratic cats who rule over their temples with vengeance and pride. 1929 was the year the sacred area of Torre Argentina was excavated. This was also the year the history of the cats began. Stray and abandoned felines took refuge in the protected area below street level. From 1929 until 1993, the cats were more or less regularly fed by a succession of cat more.. type: Hotspots World66 rating: [rate it] email: torreargentina@tiscali.it address: Largo di Torre Argentina openinghours: Catsanctuary, every day from 11 am to 7 pm ( roman time) tel: ( +39) 06-687-2133 Ara Pacis Edit This Because the most important , motto of Augustus, the successor of Ceasar, was peace, he persuaded the senate to erect an altar for this: the Ara Pacis. Next to symbolical and mythical scenes the sanctuary was decorated with a frieze depicting a procession lead by Augustus himself as the bringer of peace, much more than as a ruling conqueror. Just like the facing tomb of Augustus, the altar was re-erected by Mussolini to celebrate the 2000th birthday of the first Roman emperor. It’s constructed out of fragments and reproductions from dispersed fragments, but it gives a good more.. type: Roman Era World66 rating: [rate it] address: Via di Ripetta Piazza del Campidoglio Edit This Oldest known equestrian statue, Marcus Aurelius Oldest known equestrian statue, Marcus Aurelius photo by: Kim Rowland On top of the Capitoline Hill, the place from which in the old days the starting Roman empire was governed, now stands (a copy of) the equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius. It’s the only bronze statue from Roman origin to survive till present day without ever having been buried. This was mainly due to a misconception about the depicted emperor who was thought to be Constantine, the first Christian emperor. Migelangelo redesigned the square where once stood the most important temple of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva, by a commission from Pope Paulus III in 1538. He placed a more.. type: Hotspots World66 rating: [rate it] Monument of Victor Emanuel II Edit This Il Vittoriano Il Vittoriano photo by: Kim Rowland Walking for ten minutes from the Square where Constantine´s arch sits, we arrive to the Monumment of Victor Emanuel II. It is towering up under the Capitol, right in the heart of Rome where it’s impressing with its imposing dimension. In the middle of this monument there is rising up the altar of the Fatherland. Under the Statue of the Roma there is since 1921 the "Grave of the unknown soldier" or like we say in Italy "Il milite ignoto", which is supposed to remind us of the soldiers who died in the World War I. type: Hotspots World66 rating: [rate it] Caelian Hill Edit This Caelian Hill type: Embassies and Consulates World66 rating: [rate it] Piazza Barberini and Triton Fountain Edit This Piazza Barberini features several must-see Rome attractions. Built in 1643, the Fountain of the Triton was created by sculptor Berini. It consists of four dolphins holding an open clam -- Triton sits on the clam. Other attractions here include the Museum of Ancient Art – housed in Barberini Palace, and the Fountain of Bees. type: Hotspots World66 rating: [rate it] tel: +39 06 32810; +39 06 4814591 address: Via delle Quattro Fontane, 13 email: tour@gebart.it Piazza Vittorio Emanuele Edit This Piazza Vittorio Emanuele type: Embassies and Consulates World66 rating: [rate it] St. Peter's Square (Piazza San Pietro) Edit This St. Peter's Square (Piazza San Pietro) type: Embassies and Consulates World66 rating: [rate it] Via Veneto Edit This Via Veneto type: Embassies and Consulates World66 rating: [rate it] Circus Maximus Edit This Circus Maximus type: Embassies and Consulates World66 rating: [rate it] Great Sports Palace (Palazzeto dello Sport) Edit This Great Sports Palace (Palazzeto dello Sport) type: Embassies and Consulates World66 rating: [rate it] Stadio Olimpico Edit This Stadio Olimpico type: Embassies and Consulates World66 rating: [rate it] Baths of Caracalla Edit This Built between 212 and 219 A.D., the Baths of Caracalla (more than 50 baths) was the second largest baths complex in ancient Rome. While the complex was originally decorated with elaborate mosaics and statues, only several still remain. However, at 27 acres and room for 1,700 people, the ruins are still well worth the visit as it is quite a magnificent site. The Baths of Caracalla is located just southeast of ancient Rome’s center at Viale delle Terme di Caracalla. type: Hotspots World66 rating: [rate it] tel: +39 06 39967700 address: Viale delle Terme di Caracalla Arch of Septimius Severus Edit This The Arch of Septimius Severus or just “The Arch,” is located at the western end of the Forum, near Capitoline Hill. The well-preserved site is one the best on the Forum. Built in 203 A.D., The Arch is 75 feet high and 82 feet wide with three archways. type: Hotspots World66 rating: [rate it] Bioparco and Villa Borghese Edit This If you want to take a break from all of the museums, you can take a stroll through Villa Borghese or visit the Bioparco – Rome Zoo, which sits in the center of the park. Villa Borghese is the largest public park in Rome and it also houses several museums, although there is plenty to do besides museum hopping here. The 148-acre park also has fountains, lakes, temples, and statues to explore. type: Parks, Gardens and Zoos World66 rating: [rate it] url: ww.bioparco.it _____________History Edit This The history of Rome begins with the legendary twins Remus and Romulus, the founders of the city. In the 20th century, Rome went through yet another growth spurt. The pope was made sovereign of Vatican City in 1929. The new administration was more interested in offices and housing blocks than churches, and during the 1930s the city expanded beyond the city walls. During Mussolini's rule, in the 1920s and '30s, Rome took on Fascist airs, puffing out its chest with wide boulevards and overblown architecture. Dreams of imperial glory led Mussolini to form an alliance with Germany during WWII, and the nightmare that ensued helped set the scene for Italy 's transformation from a totalitarian regime into a republic in 1946. The postwar years saw Rome expanding physically and becoming the centre of Italy 's film industry until the early 1960s. The 1970s and '80s were marked by more violent transformations, namely those of some radical student groups (who had a long list of complaints about Italy 's left-wing governments) into right-wing terrorists. The Brigate Rosse (Red Brigade) was the most notorious group, going so far as to kidnap and eventually murder former prime minister Aldo Moro in Rome in 1978. Recent History The last few decades of the 20th century saw a mixture of economic success and wide-ranging corruption scandals which touched many a politician, public official and businessperson. The public reacted with perverse moral indignation in 1994 by electing a stridently right-wing coalition headed by a billionaire media magnate, Silvio Berlusconi. Amid claims of corruption, the government fell, and after some years of typically Italian political musical chairs, Berlusconi returned from the desert to win the 2001 national elections, promising 'few words and plenty of action'. Despite the landslide victory, his right-wing government's activities have regularly been greeted with large-scale protests. As late as December 2002 he was again under suspicion of corruption, but he seems to have a way with the legal system and may just yet again avoid trouble. The Jubilee Year in 2000, during which around 16 million Catholic pilgrims visited the city, gave Rome impetus to clean up her act. Billions were spent cleaning church and palazzo facades, improving roads and transport, and reclaiming public spaces from the car parks they'd become. At the start of the new millennium Rome had never looked more beautiful. Meanwhile, Rome proper ostensibly remains, as it has always been, an administrative and tourist centre, without much sign of industry or trade, but lots of political intrigue. Contributors October 12, 2007 change by psychoralu (4 points) February 10, 2006 change by giorgio _________Practical Information Edit This Tourist information offices: at Fiumicino airport and at Stazione Termini. inside the city: Via Parigi 5, Tel. +39 (0)6 - 488 991 Openings: Mon - Fri 8.15am - 7pm, Sat 8.15am - 1.45pm Contributors May 24, 2005 change by giorgio Display all or display just: Airport Embassies and Consulates Quarter Tourist information Train station Show best rated on top | Show in alphabetical order [Add Practical address] Pickpockets on Bus 64 Edit This A word of Caution to the tourist in Rome : Bus 64 is notorious for pickpockets and creepy people in general. This is the major tourist bus which travels the route between the Vatican and Temini Station. If possible, use bus 40 instead which takes a simlar route and is much safer. type: Tourist information World66 rating: [rate it] Fountains Edit This The water that is continually flowing out of those little fountains found around the streets of Rome is cold, refreshing and absolutely safe to drink. It flows constantly down from the mountain springs on the outskirts of the city and is quite good. These small fountains are called "il nasone" by the Romans as the curved pipe resembles a "big nose." As well as these, the water in the larger, decorative fountains is also safe to drink, unless there is a sign posted "acqua non potabile." Mind you do not bathe in them. If you are caught in a fountain, you can more.. type: Tourist information World66 rating: [rate it] Aurelio Edit This Aurelio type: Quarter World66 rating: [rate it] Eur Edit This Eur type: Quarter World66 rating: [rate it] Trastevere Edit This Trastevere type: Quarter World66 rating: [rate it] Parioli Edit This Parioli type: Quarter World66 rating: [rate it] Vatican Post Office Edit This Some Romans, frustrated with the some times too leisurely rate of the Italian Post, have turned to the Vatican for help. It costs the same as Italian mail, but you must buy Vatican stamps and can only mail them (get this) in the Vatican. In addition to the "Citta' del Vaticano" postmark, you can tell your friends that the stamps were blessed by the Pope. There are Vatican post offices inside the Vatican museums (near the entrance) and two locations in Piazza San Pietro. type: Tourist information World66 rating: [rate it] Leonardo Da Vinci Fiumicino Edit This Leonardo Da Vinci Fiumicino type: Airport World66 rating: [rate it] Termini Station Area Edit This Termini Station Area is a very big metro and train station. You can also go shopping in its numerous famous brands' shops. If you get tired or hungry, there's also a good option to have some good, healthy food in the fast foods there. type: Train station World66 rating: [rate it] Ciampino Edit This Ciampino type: Embassies and Consulates World66 rating: [rate it] Flaminio Edit This Flaminio type: Quarter World66 rating: [rate it] Tor Vergata Edit This Tor Vergata type: Quarter World66 rating: [rate it] __________Getting Around Edit This Inner Rings of the Colosseum, Rome Inner Rings of the Colosseum, Rome Hema Narayanan There are many ways to navigate through the streets of Rome, to and from all Rome activities, Rome hotels, and Rome restaurants. You can travel by bus, by metro, *gasp* by car, and on foot. The best way to travel, of course, is on foot as this is the best way to enjoy Rome to it's fullest. But, if you prefer other forms of travel for whatever reason, continue reading the Rome travel guide below on getting around to find out how to, well, get around! By Bus: The city bus company is ATAC (www.atac.roma.it) and most of the main buses terminate at the bus station outside Stazione Termini (where you can get a map of the bus routes). Buses run from around 6am to midnight with some services running throughout the night. For 1 euro you can travel for 75 minutes by any means of transportation. By Metro: The city's Metro service ( www.metroroma.it) has only two lines, A (red) and B (blue), both of which go through Termini. Unfortunately, the metro misses most of the historic district, which can be frustrating at times. The reason for this is because there is quite a bit of ancient Rome beneath the ground; enough so that they cannot dig a tunnel very far without running into some 2,000 year old brick wall, column or other such artifact. The metro automatic ticket machines only take exact change (and even then they are known to eat your money leaving you with nothing to show for it) so it is recommended that you buy your ticket from a tobacconist, newsstand or vending machine before you get on the train or bus (your bus tickets will also work on the metro). For the metro, validate your ticket before boarding the train; for the bus, look for the validation machines onboard. Use the orange validation machines for the old paper tickets and the yellow ones for the newer magnetic tickets. If you are caught without a validated ticket, the fine is 51.65 Euro. The metro runs about every 7-10 minutes, from 5:30am until 11:30pm everyday, except Saturday when it runs until 12:30am. By Car: Driving in Rome is the next best thing to suicide - especially on a motorbike. The high-loaded traffic is one of the reasons people may be usually late for appointments. Most of the historic centre of Rome is closed to normal traffic although you will be allowed to drive to your hotel. You'll need to get a parking permit from the traffic police if you wish to park anywhere in the centre or you'll risk being towed. To have the opportunity of using a car in Rome is a good point of freedom but there are also a lot of problems linked to it. If you’re with your own car, protect it really good with alarm systems (electronic or normal pedal blocker) and don’t leave the radio, your bags or other important things inside: they say that in the whole Italy they open or steal at an average of 2 cars per minute. If you can, during the night, park it in a safe controlled parking house like the "ParkSi" of Spain´s Square / Via Veneto. To rent a car you'll need to be at least 21 years old. If you organize your car in advance it will cost you less. There are several rental agencies for cars motorbikes mopeds and bicycles. If you'd rather leave the driving to someone else you can pick up a cab from one of the city's many taxi ranks or phone one any time of day. If you call a cab the driver will turn the meter on as soon as he is rung rather than when he picks you up. Another negative point is the traffic: the situation is very difficult due of the "work in progress" in many different areas of the city. Anyway, be aware of the fact that the traffic you’re going to find in Rome is a little bit wilder than normal and there are a lot of young people driving small scooters or big motorbikes often in a very dangerous way. By Foot: Rome is a very easy city to navigate by foot, assuming you've procured a decent map. A decent place to find maps and other information is a company called "Enjoy Rome" located at Via Marghera, 8a near the Stazione Termini, Rome's central train station. Although the modern metropolitan section of Rome is spread out, the historical center of the city is really quite compact. Even if you do get lost, you'll no doubt run into some baroque artwork or marble fountain that will make your trip worthwhile. After two or three days of walking though, you'll feel like a pro at navigating the Roman streets. A word of caution: the motorists of Rome are quite speedy. According to Bill Bryson, people in Rome park their cars the way you or I would if we had just spilt acid in our laps. Crossing the street can seem like a daunting experience, but you really needn't worry. Make sure you follow these simple rules, and you'll be fine: 1. Only cross the street at crosswalks. 2. Don't wait on the street corners expecting the traffic to slow down. You'll be there forever. 3. Wait for a small break in the traffic and just go. The first time you try this, your heart will no doubt be beating in your throat the entire time, but you'll soon see. As soon as you start walking, and as if by some miracle, the cars, busses, trucks and everything will just stop to allow you to pass. This has often been likened to the story of Moses parting the Red Sea. Two pieces of advice on this subject: Don't dart deer-like across the street; that upsets the Romans. Also, whatever you do, don't under any circumstances stop in the middle of the road once you've started crossing. Hesitating only confuses and angers Roman drivers and their wrath could endanger your life. After the first few successful crosses, you'll see there really is nothing to it. Contributors February 13, 2007 change by psychoralu May 22, 2008 change by mcburton April 14, 2004 change by jimshady [add Local transport mode] _______Getting There Edit This All ways lead to Rome - like the Romans said. This is more or less still true today. Continue reading through the Rome travel guide below on getting there for detailed information about Rome's Airport Leonardo da Vinci, trains, and more. By Car: You can easily reach Rome by car. Four motorways lead to the urban ring road (A 12 from Fiumicino - west, A 1 from Firenze and Orvieto - north, A 24 from northeast which includes A 25 from Pescara, A 1 from Napoli - south). Using the motorways costs a fee of about 10.000 ITL per 100 km. Motor-way Informations you can get at 'Società Autostrade', Tel. 39/6/43632121 (24 hour service) By Air: Airport Leonardo da Vinci, generally known as Fiumicino, handles most scheduled flights. It is located 26km (16mi) southwest of the city. Rome's other airport is Ciampino about 20km (12mi) southeast of the city and is used by the majority of charter flights. Telephone numbers are: Fiumicino: +39/6/65951 and Ciampino: +39/6/794941. www.adr.it One of the most convenient ways to get into town is by the Stazione Termini direct train, which usually runs hourly from the airport Fiumicino. You can also get a train from the airport to Trastevere Ostiense and Tiburtina. There's also a night bus service to Stazione Tiburtina. If you're driving an autostrada runs from the airport to the city via EUR - it's a 45-minute drive and will cost you a small fortune by taxi. www.grandistazioni.it From Ciampino you can catch a COTRAL bus, which connects with a subway to Stazione Termini. Besides that there is a shuttle bus to Termini for 8 Euro (one way) or 14 Euro (return), offered by Terravision. But the quickest and most convenient way is to take the COTRAL bus to Stazione Ciampino (for 1 Euro) and then take the train (FR4, for 2 Euro, every 15 min.) to Termini. By car you drive down the Via Appia Nuova. By Train: Rome's main railroad station (stazione centrale Roma termini) is conevnient to every train station in Italy. It is situated east of the historic city centre. Within an 15min walk you can easily reach Santa Maria Maggiore, San Pietro in Vincoli, Piazza Vittorio, Colosseo or Museo Nazionale Romano. www.grandistazioni.it FF. SS Termini, piazza dei Cinquecento, Tel. +39/6/4775 Contributors May 22, 2008 change by mcburton December 11, 2006 change by maretha [Add Global transport mode] Diano Marina Edit This type: By Rail World66 rating: [rate it] Diano Marina Edit This type: By Rail World66 rating: [rate it] ___________Economy Edit This Consumer's conciousness is low and does not exist among the locals, so you are at the mercy of the sellers. Always be very careful that you don't walk away with faulty goods. The is no "return-policy" even if you come back on the day of purchase. You might have to ask for help in most of the stores for any little thing you want to buy as goods are generally kept behind the counter. The street markets are always good, like many other tourist destinations and there are some pretty amazing things on sale a great prices. For a tourist Rome is a great place to go shopping. There are prices for every pocket, from the low-valued stuff Morrocans, Pakistani, Chinese etc will try to sell you at every corner of the street to the thousand-euro branded products you find in Piazza del Spagna. There is always the great siesta, (everything closes for the entire afternoon, from 1:00 p.m. to about 4 p.m.) when you will be forced to take a break from your Great Roman shopping expedition. Contributors February 13, 2007 change by psychoralu (1 point) November 15, 2006 change by giorgio ____________Museums Edit This Note that museum hours are subject to change without notice. As a rule, ticket offices close 30 to 60 minutes before the actual closing time. Rome National Museum All dinosaurs displayed around and bugs and arthopods are kept in tanks. And arcade machines found there. Contributors July 07, 2006 change by svetico (2 points) [Add Museum] Archaeological Museum of Ostia Edit This Museo Archeologico Ostiense On display are the finds brought to light during the excavations in ancient Ostia: sculptures, decorative and architectural terracotta pieces, objects of worship. Admission Euro 4,00 (same ticket as for the excavations). World66 rating: [rate it] openingHours: winter 9.00 - 16, summer 9.00 - 13.30; 14.15-18.30 Mon closed url: www.itnw.roma.it address: Scavi di Ostia Antica, Via dei Romagnoli 717 National Museum of Eastern Art Edit This Museo Nazionale d'Arte Orientale Archeological and historical objects of the Middle East and Far East. Admission Euro 4,00 World66 rating: [rate it] tel: +39.6.4874415 openingHours: 8.30 -14, Tue - Thu - Sun and holidays 8.30 - 19.30; closed 1st and 3rd Mon of each month. address: Via Merulana 248 Museum of Roman Civilization Edit This Museo della Civiltà Romana The museum retraces the history of Rome through its civilization works all over the world. The magnificent model of Imperial Rome in 1:250 scale is noteworthy. Admission Euro 6,20 World66 rating: [rate it] accessibility: Full access for persons with disabilities tel: +39.6.5926041 openingHours: Tue-Fri 9 - 14.00, Sat and Sun 9 - 19.00, Mon closed. address: Piazza Giovanni Agnelli, 10 (EUR) Ship Museum Edit This Museo delle Navi Display of four Roman cargo ships found during the excavations of the ancient harbor of Claudius. World66 rating: [rate it] address: Via A. Guidoni 35 - Fiumicino Airport Municipal Antiquarium Edit This Municipal Antiquarium (Antiquarium Communale) Household objects from the 6th century B.C. to the time of the barbarian invasions. Includes the famous doll with jointed limbs that was part of the funeral accouterment of Crepereia Tryphaena. Notes : Guided visits World66 rating: [rate it] tel: +39.06.7001560 address: Viale Parco del Celio, 22 Centrale Montemartini Edit This 450 Greek and Roman sculptures coming from the Musei Capitolini exhibited in the former Montemartini electric plant. A unique combination of classical art and industrial machinery World66 rating: [rate it] tel: +39.06.57991 url: www.centralemontemartini.org address: via Ostiense, 106 Centrale Montemartini Museum of the Walls Edit This Museo delle Mura Located at the beginning of the Old Appian Way, inside Porta San Sebastiano, the museum highlights the architectural history of Rome's fortified surrounding walls and allows access to the only section of the wall-walk open to the public. Admission Euro 2,60 World66 rating: [rate it] accessibility: No access for persons with disabilities tel: Tel: +39.06.70475284 openingHours: 9 - 14, Mon closed address: Via Porta S. Sebastiano, 18 L. Pigorini National Museum of Prehistory and Ethnography Edit This Museo Nazionale Preistorico Etnografico L. Pigorini An ethnographic collection containing around 60,000 pieces produced by European indigenous cultures. The Italian prehistoric and protohistoric section retraces the evolution from the Paleolithic epoch to the Iron Age. Historic archive of aerial photos. Admission Euro 4,00 World66 rating: [rate it] tel: +39.06.5495521 openingHours: 9 - 20 address: Piazza Marconi, 14 ________Day Trips Edit This Day trips from Rome are plentiful whether you're looking to relax on a beach or spend the day exploring gardens, monuments or museums. Like most Rome activities, planning starts with getting there. Read on to learn about car services and other forms of transportation to places in and surrounding Rome, then browse through the listings below for some interesting day trip ideas! You can hire a car service to pick you up at the airport, to take you back to the airport, or to tour you around the countryside. Many car service companies also offer day trips and tours. If you don't feel comfortable driving, let someone else do the driving for you. If you are flying into Rome airport, you might want to arrange for a car service to meet your flight. For going into Rome, this is about the same price as a taxi and is a better service. The driver waits for you inside the airport. When you come out of customs, there will be a group of car service drivers with signs; look for the sign with your name. The driver takes your bags and takes you straight to the car. If you are heading out to another town, you might also consider a car service. This lets you avoid driving in a new country when tired and gives you that extra bit of comfort at the start of a trip. You can pickup your rental car the next day. Frequently the car rental pickup at Rome airport is crowded, with long waits. This can be hard to deal with when jet lagged. We prefer to either spend the first few nights in the city near the airport (usually Rome or Florence for us), then pickup our rental car there. This also lets you avoid the surcharge for picking up a rental car at the airport. When you book, be sure to get a phone number for the driver or company, just in case you cannot find your driver. Usually when you book, you do not prepay. Payment is given to the driver. If you want to use a credit card, make sure ahead of time that you can use it. Some companies request payment in cash. Contributors May 22, 2008 change by mcburton [Add Day Trip] Frascati Edit This At 1,280 feet above sea level, the beautiful hill town of Frascati is roughly 13 miles from Rome. It features gorgeous 16th century villas such as Villa Aldobrandini which includes gardens, grottoes, and fountains, as well as vineyards that produce some of the best wine in Italy. Most of the wine is served in Rome's restaurants and it is exported as well. Another Frascati highlight is Villa Torlonia and its Theater of Fountains. To get to Frascati, take a Cotral bus (any one) leaving from the Anagina stop of Metro Line A. The Metro runs about every 7-10 minutes, from 5:30 a.m. more.. World66 rating: [rate it] tel: Villa Aldobrandini ,+39 06 9420331 address: Frascati Rome Tarquinia Edit This Tarquinia is home to some of the most spectacular tombs in all of Italy. Highlights include the Tarquinia National Museum and the Etruscan Necropolis. Housed in a Gothic palace from the mid-15th century, Tarquinia National Museum features a wide variety of exhibits such as gold jewelry and decorated sarcophagi (tombs). One of the biggest attractions on site is a pair of terra cotta winged horses, in Hellenistic style that is considered a masterpiece of Etruscan art. Tombs, paintings and more can be found at Etruscan Necropolis (+39 0766-856308). To get to Tarquinia, take one more.. World66 rating: [rate it] tel: Tarquina National Museum, +39 0766-856039 address: Tarquina Rome The Harbor City of Ostia Edit This Rome is all about ancient ruins, restaurants, museums, monuments, monasteries, colosseums, and churches – it’s not so much about beaches. So if you’re looking for a beach in Rome, you probably won’t find one. Your best bet is to take a day trip to a surrounding harbor town. The nearest beach to Rome is about a 35-minute train ride away in the harbor town of Ostia. Because it’s the closest beach to Rome, Lido di Ostia Beach is always packed with locals looking for a quick getaway on the weekends and tourists looking to do some sunbathing during their stay. In addition more.. World66 rating: [rate it] tel: http://www.ostia-antica.org/ address: Ostia, Rome _______Nightlife and Entertainment Edit This photo Rome has many bars and nightclubs where you can drink, relax, talk or dance into the wee hours of the morning. There are vast glittering palaces with stunning lights and sound systems, innovative alternatives to the mainstream spots, and rock and jazz venues with a wide assortment of styles performed by a healthy array of local talents. For further entertainment or more Rome activities at night, explore the various theatre, cinema and concert hall options located throughout the city of Rome. For younger travellers, there is a brilliant 'Colluseum Bar Crawl' that starts around 8:30 p.m. upstairs from the Colluseum metro stop. There are usually people handing out flyers around the Colluseum by day so grab one and have a chat with them about it. Its a great opportunity to meet various nationalities, play some fun and friendly drinking games and have a good night out. Enjoy! Contributors May 22, 2008 change by mcburton Display all or display just: Bars&Pubs Clubs and dancing Concerts Discos & Clubs Gay and Lesbian Jazz Pubs Wine bars Show best rated on top | Show in alphabetical order [Add Entertainment place] Berimbau Edit This type: Bars&Pubs World66 rating: [rate it] address: Via del Fienaroli 30/b tel: +39 (0)6 - 5813249 Radio Londra Edit This type: Bars&Pubs World66 rating: [rate it] address: Via di Monte Testaccio Trastè Edit This photo Wonderfull cocktails, great athmosphere. I found a really great Mojito cocktail...but don't loose the over 30 diffrent type of tea. In Trastevere is the best tea room and one of the best cocktail & tea room of Rome!!! Great cocktails. really great cocktail as Mojito or Margarita. And I tasted the B52...it's OK!! As tea house is not bad, but nothig to do with the cocktail!! If you are looking for a nice tea house in Rome, well Trastè is your place!!You can choose from over 30 diffrent tea (normal one as green tea or apple tea or china black tea, more.. type: Wine bars World66 rating: [rate it] ClosingTime: 02,00 url: www.traste.it address: Via della Lungaretta, 76 tel: 06 5894430 Angelo Azzuro Edit This type: Bars&Pubs World66 rating: [rate it] address: Via Cardinal Meny del Val 13 tel: +39 (0)6 - 5800472 Fonclea Edit This type: Bars&Pubs World66 rating: [rate it] address: Via Crescenzio 82/a tel: +39 (0)6 - 6896302 Flake's Edit This photo Great atmosphere. Great music. Great bartenders. type: Pubs World66 rating: [rate it] url: www.flakes.it address: Via della Scala 45 closingtime: 02.00 am Club 84 Edit This Puttane! Club 84 clients be ware of the activities. This club pulls you in with its appearancee. Before you know it there are ladies of the evening that have targeted you as you enter. Soon after you settle in, you are overwhelmed by the agressiveness of the prostitutes. Before you can take a breath and understand what is happening, they order $350 bottles of champagne on your tab. Now its too late. Once you realize that they have run up a $500 tab your in too deep. Guido now wants to get paid or at least get his pound of flesh. Your getting this from an experience I more.. type: Discos & Clubs World66 rating: [rate it] address: Via Emilia 84 Alien Edit This This futuristic dance club features a massive dance, strobe lights, and house and techno beats nightly. The cover charge to get into this popular club is steep (18E/$23US), but the price actually includes your first drink. type: Clubs and dancing World66 rating: [rate it] address: Via Velletri 13-19 tel: +31 06 8412212 Bella Blu Edit This type: Bars&Pubs World66 rating: [rate it] address: Via Lucciani 21 tel: +39 (0)6 - 3218749 New Joli Coeur Edit This type: Bars&Pubs World66 rating: [rate it] address: Via Sirte 5 Smile Edit This line: nice type: Discos & Clubs World66 rating: [rate it] address: Stab. Sporting Beach, Ostia Ciak Edit This type: Bars&Pubs World66 rating: [rate it] address: Via di San Saba 11/a tel: +39 (0)6 - 5782022 Meeting della cultura nera Edit This type: Bars&Pubs World66 rating: [rate it] address: Via R. B. Bandinelli 130 - Ciampino tel: +39 (0)6 - 7917049 or 79321606 Deco Edit This type: Bars&Pubs World66 rating: [rate it] address: Via cesare Beccaria 22 tel: +39 (0)6 - 3611240 Gilda Edit This type: Bars&Pubs World66 rating: [rate it] address: Via Mario de' Fiori 97 tel: +39 (0)6 - 6784838 Sesto senso Edit This type: Bars&Pubs World66 rating: [rate it] address: Via di Grottarossa 175 Sweet Water Edit This type: Bars&Pubs World66 rating: [rate it] address: Via Ostiense 104/b tel: +39 (0)6 - 5756347 Weekend in musica Edit This type: Discos & Clubs World66 rating: [rate it] address: Piazza della Pace-Ciampino tel: +39 (0)6 - 9309337 or 93546136 Blu Bay Edit This type: Discos & Clubs World66 rating: [rate it] address: Stab. Plinius - Lungomare Caio Duilio - Ostia lido Virtualia Edit This type: Discos & Clubs World66 rating: [rate it] address: Via Nettunense Km. 33.400, Anzio Arena Sisto Edit This type: Bars&Pubs World66 rating: [rate it] address: Via Cardinal Ginnasi, Ostia tel: +39 (0)6 - 5697337 I Vitelloni Edit This type: Bars&Pubs World66 rating: [rate it] address: Via del SS. Quattro 103 tel: +39 (0)6 - 7005566 Jake & Elwood Edit This type: Bars&Pubs World66 rating: [rate it] address: Via G.C.Odino 45 - Isola Sacra – Fiumicino tel: +39 (0)6 - 6583566 Music Inn Edit This type: Bars&Pubs World66 rating: [rate it] address: Largo dei Fiorentini 3 tel: +39 (0)6 - 68807771 Horus Club Edit This type: Bars&Pubs World66 rating: [rate it] address: Corso Sempione 21 tel: +39 (0)6 - 86899181 Rose rosse Edit This type: Bars&Pubs World66 rating: [rate it] address: Via Alberico II 37 tel: +39 (0)6 - 68806126 Lo scontro Edit This type: Bars&Pubs World66 rating: [rate it] address: Via Portuense 2489 tel: +39 (0)6 - 6506991 Tatum Edit This type: Bars&Pubs World66 rating: [rate it] address: Via Luciani Rock Castle Edit This Located near the Campo dei Fiori and Largo Argentina on Via Aurela. The bar is located in a mideval basement and has a very unique atmosphere. Multi-level seating and wooden furnature enhance the dark, very private interior. It also has a dance floor and full bar. type: Bars&Pubs World66 rating: [rate it] Gossip beach Edit This type: Discos & Clubs World66 rating: [rate it] address: lungomare Lutazio Catulo 8, Ostia Fuori di testa Edit This type: Discos & Clubs World66 rating: [rate it] address: Air Terminal Ostiense SPQR l’imperiale Edit This type: Discos & Clubs World66 rating: [rate it] address: Via Nomentana KM. 17.200 Happening Club Edit This type: Discos & Clubs World66 rating: [rate it] address: Piazza Santa Rufina tel: +39 (0)6 - 5813655 Parco della Musica Edit This This 430,600 square foot concert venue is the largest in Europe. Consisting of a massive garden, three separate concert halls, and an open-air theater, simply examining the architecture of this modern behemoth is entertainment in itself. Classical music performances take place year around, but the best time to attend a concert is during the summer months when you can enjoy the outdoor garden area to the fullest. Guided tours are also available. The Auditorium Parco della Musica of Rome is in Viale Pietro de Coubertin, near the Palazzetto dello Sport, off Viale Tiziano. The more.. type: Concerts World66 rating: [rate it] tel: +39 06802411 url: www.auditorium.com address: Flaminio district of Rome, Viale Pietro de Coubertin, near the Palazzetto dello Sport email: info@musicaperroma.it Big Mama Edit This Big Mama is the place to go for live Jazz and Blues. Expect a mix of up-and-coming acts and big names nightly. The club hosts roughly 200 shows per year. type: Jazz World66 rating: [rate it] tel: +39 06 5812551 url: www.bigmama.it address: Vicolo San Francesco a Ripa 18 email: info@bigmama.it Club Picasso Edit This Club Picasso has two great things going for it -- no cover and a wide variety of music to appeal to different tastes. On any given night you can dance to rock, funk, R&B, hip-hop, salsa or dance. The crowd is youngish, and the atmosphere is fun and hassle-free. Club Picasso serves up pizza and other easy-to-eat foods and it's open Tuesday-Sunday 8:00 p.m.-4:00 a.m. type: Clubs and dancing World66 rating: [rate it] ClosingTime: Tuesday-Sunday 8:00 p.m.-4:00 a.m. tel: +39 06-5742975 address: Via Monte di Testaccio L'Alibi Edit This Gay, straight, bi, male, female. Roman or international -- it doesn't matter, all are welcome at this happening "gay" club. L'Alibi has several areas: one strictly for dancing and the others for lounging, mingling, etc. Located in the hip Testaccio district, L'Alibi charges a small cover (7.50E-13E/$9.75-$17US) and it's open year around Wednesday-Sunday 11 p.m.-4:00 a.m. type: Gay and Lesbian World66 rating: [rate it] ClosingTime: Wednesday-Sunday 11 p.m.-4:00 a.m. tel: +39 06 5743448 address: Via Monte Testaccio 44 _______Festivals Edit This i [Add Festival] rome chamber music festival Edit This http://www.romechamberfestival.org/ The 2008 Rome Chamber Music Festival June 17–18–19 and June 24–25–26 Please join us to help celebrate our fifth anniversary in the magnificent Gonfalone Oratory. The program will feature the internationally acclaimed clarinetist David Krakauer and his celebrated ensemble Klezmer Madness!, selections from Vivaldi, Schubert, Händel and Schumann. You will also hear students from Mercer’s McDuffie Center for Strings and the Fiesole Conservatory perform Mendelssohn’s joyous octet. By registering in advance, you will more.. World66 rating: [rate it] tel: 0039 06 32 65 07 19 url: www.romechamberfestival.org date: june 17-26 2008 address: rome,italy email: info@romehcmaberfestival.org barbara jolia Edit This i hey there, there is a festival called new years, which is very popular. no this is not a festival celebrated on the first of january.research it out though! World66 rating: [rate it] date: april 9th 2005 address: n/a tel: 623-878-3128 email: barbjolia@kutty.com |
