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Antwerp Travel Guide
Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see
Vlaaikensgang

Vlaaikensgang

Jan Moonen
Antwerp is one of the Belgium cities where you can fancy yourself the King of Belgium over a glass of Koninck beer (or one of the other 400 brands) with a view on the old guildhouses on the Grote Markt. Belgium's second city, and the biggest one of Flanders, is also a receptacle of monuments, museums and churches. Besides this, the city of Rubens, is the world’s centre for diamond processing as well as Belgium’s primary seaport.

The heart of the city on the Scheldt beats at the 'Grote Markt', an irregularly-shaped square, surrounded by decorative guild housedating from the 16th and 17th century. This square is home to the statue of Brabo. According to a 16th century legend, his action of 'handwerpen' (Dutch for 'flinging your hand') led to the city's name. Silvius Brabo is said to have flung the hand of Antigonus, a giant who terrorized passing ships. The 15th century City Hall on the square shows a successful blend of the Flemish style and Italian Renaissance characteristics. Southeast of the square, you can see the Onze Lieve Vrouw, a beautiful gothic cathedral which throws the rest of the square in the shade.


Antwerp's most famous resident is undoubtedly Pieter Paul Rubens. This painter's and diplomat's spirit is present all throughout town. His statue is at the Groenplaats and he was buried at the St.Paulus church. Many churches are enriched with his paintings. The Rubenshuis, the place where the painter lived and worked, still exudes the grandeur of the height of the Baroque in Antwerp. In the decorative restored Rockoxhuis, Rubens has a substantial presence, together with Jordaens, Matsys and his pupil Anton van Dyck.

The city of Rubens is a paradise for museum lovers. The Fine Arts Museum in the south houses over a thousand works by classical painters, including the Flemish Primitives, beside over 1500 more recent works. Naturally, this is where you will find the world's most beautiful and largest collection of the work of Antwerpen's great master Rubens. The Museum of Contemporary Art (MUHKA) has a collection of mainly Belgian art from the 1970's. These are only a few of the museums you will come across on your walk from the Centraal Station to the Grote Markt. Mayer van den Bergh Museum is dedicated to fine and applied arts, particularly from the 14th to the 16th century. If you are at the Berchem station, make sure you see the Zurenborg district, known for its unique architectural complexities. Hardly anywhere else than here will you find such representative Art Nouveau and Jugendstil houses.

The city of diamonds has its main museum in the heart of the diamond district, the streets behind Centraal Station. This part of the city is known as the 'Jerusalem of the North', because it has the largest settlement of Orthodox Jews in this part of Europe. Over 70% of the world's cutting and trading in big diamonds takes place in Antwerp.

One of the resasons why Antwerp can maintain its world centre position is because of the port's international trade links. Take a river cruise, not only to admire the famous skyline with its antique towers from the water, but also to experience the busy world port from the inside. Those who don't like boats can still enjoy the Scheldt from the unique promenade near the Steen, the oldest building within Antwerp, which houses the National Maritime Museum with its open-air department exhibiting real ships.

When your eyes get tired and your feet get raw because of all the miles you have walked, sit down again at the Grote Markt and soak in the atmosphere. Prepare yourself for a night out in the sparkling city with its many names and its slight inferiority complex (Brussels and Bruges still get all the attention). May the beers soothe your tiredness and soften your own dialect.


___________Sights
Edit This
Brabo on Grote Markt

Brabo on Grote Markt

Ezelhaar
Antwerp: the City of Rubens, the City of Diamonds and the City of the Scheldt. A city with so many names is destined to have something for every traveller. It is a must for museum lovers. The city has a broad collection of paintings, ranging from classical works to modern Flemmish paintings. Of course, Antwerp´s most famous son Rubens is memorated in many museums and churches. The 'Grote Markt', with its view of the Brabo statue, the guildhouses and the City Hall, offers a good sight of what the old days must have been like. If you are more interested in Antwerp's present activities, such as its position as the world centre of diamonds, go to the Diamond Museum. The city is also the city of the Scheldt. Whenever your looking for some fresh air, take a walk along the Scheldt and let yourself be impressed by other guild houses, such as the 'Vleeshuis'.
Display all
or display just:
Churches and Cathedrals
Parks, Gardens and Zoos Public Buildings
Squares Synagogues

Show best rated on top | Show in alphabetical order

[Add Sight]
Onze Lieve Vrouwe Cathedral
Edit This

Open Mon-Fri 10am-5pm, Sat 10am-3pm, Sun 1-4pm. Gothic cathedral which houses several impressive and famous paintings of Rubens, such as 'the Descent from the Cross'.

It is located in the heart of the city, between Groen Plaats and Grote Markt.
type: Churches and Cathedrals
World66 rating: [rate it]
address: Handschoenmarkt
openingHours: Mon-Fri 10am-5pm, Sat 10am-3pm, Sun 1-4pm
Groenplaats
Edit This

Groenplaats is a big square located in the city centre, just next to Grote Markt and the Cathedral. It was built over the old cemetery of the cathedral and it's characterized by many restaurants and pubs, wich are overlooked by the big statue of Rubens in the middle.
type: Squares
World66 rating: [rate it]
openingHours: all the time =P
KBC Tower
Edit This

KBC Tower was the first skyscraper to be built in Europe (1930)

The tower is nicknamed Boerentoren, Farmer's tower, because the bank, whose headquarters are in the building, at that time was owned by a farmers corporation.
type: Public Buildings
World66 rating: [rate it]
St Jacobskerk
Edit This

Open April-October Mon-Sat 2-5pm, November-March Mon-Sat 9am-noon. This is the church where Rubens was buried, and his close relatives, when he died in 1640.
type: Churches and Cathedrals
World66 rating: [rate it]
address: Lange Nieuwstraat
St Pauluskerk
Edit This

Open May-September 2-5pm. This is a late Gothic church with some interesting carvings.
type: Churches and Cathedrals
World66 rating: [rate it]
addres: Veemarkt
Grote Markt
Edit This
Brabo on Grote Markt
Brabo on Grote Markt
photo by: Ezelhaar

The heart of the City on the Scheldt beats at the 'Grote Markt', an irregularly-shaped square, surrounded by decorative guild houses dating from the 16th and 17th century. This square is home to the statue of Brabo.

According to a 16th century legend his action (flinging a hand, or in Dutch 'Hand werpen') led to the city being given its name. The 15th century City Hall is a successful blend of the Flemish style and Italian Renaissance characteristics.

Probably the best example of this blended architecture is the Stadhuis, the Town Hall built between 1561 and 1564.
type: Squares
World66 rating: [rate it]
Cogels Osylei
Edit This
Houses in Waterloo str.
Houses in Waterloo str.
photo by: Ezelhaar

Art nouveau street, unique architecture from around 1920. The street is located outside of the city centre, near the Berchem train station (where the international train Brussels-Amsterdam stops).
There aren't any buildings you can go in, but it is great to stroll through the street and the side streets (Waterloo street, Transvaal street) where you will find many great buildings and villas.
There are some nice bars and restaurants in the neighborhood too.
type: Squares
World66 rating: [rate it]
address: Cogels Osylei
zipcode: 2018
Stadhuis
Edit This

Located in Grote Markt , the Stadhuis is Antwerpen Town Hall.

Built between 1561 and 1564 it is probably one of the best example of the blending of the Flemish and the Italian Architecture, which characterize most of the buildings in the historical city centre.
type: Public Buildings
World66 rating: [rate it]
Botanical Garden
Edit This
Cafe in Botanical garden
Cafe in Botanical garden
photo by: Ezelhaar

There is a small botanical garden with a greenhouse on Leopoldstreet. It is a great place to sit on the grass (it seems like that is allowed, not sure though).
type: Synagogues
World66 rating: [rate it]
Antwerp Zoo
Edit This

Located right next door to the central station, this is a classic city zoo. Tigers, gorillas and elephants and much more.
type: Parks, Gardens and Zoos
World66 rating: [rate it]
url: www.zooantwerpen.be
address: next to station
City Park
Edit This
City Park
City Park
photo by: Ezelhaar

The triangular shaped city park is okay for a stroll. There is a high bridge over a small stream and there are some man made rock formations.
Located in the diamond quarter near the station.
type: Parks, Gardens and Zoos
World66 rating: [rate it]

___________Sights
Edit This
Brabo on Grote Markt

Brabo on Grote Markt

Ezelhaar
Antwerp: the City of Rubens, the City of Diamonds and the City of the Scheldt. A city with so many names is destined to have something for every traveller. It is a must for museum lovers. The city has a broad collection of paintings, ranging from classical works to modern Flemmish paintings. Of course, Antwerp´s most famous son Rubens is memorated in many museums and churches. The 'Grote Markt', with its view of the Brabo statue, the guildhouses and the City Hall, offers a good sight of what the old days must have been like. If you are more interested in Antwerp's present activities, such as its position as the world centre of diamonds, go to the Diamond Museum. The city is also the city of the Scheldt. Whenever your looking for some fresh air, take a walk along the Scheldt and let yourself be impressed by other guild houses, such as the 'Vleeshuis'.
Display all
or display just:
Churches and Cathedrals
Parks, Gardens and Zoos Public Buildings
Squares Synagogues

Show best rated on top | Show in alphabetical order

[Add Sight]
Onze Lieve Vrouwe Cathedral
Edit This

Open Mon-Fri 10am-5pm, Sat 10am-3pm, Sun 1-4pm. Gothic cathedral which houses several impressive and famous paintings of Rubens, such as 'the Descent from the Cross'.

It is located in the heart of the city, between Groen Plaats and Grote Markt.
type: Churches and Cathedrals
World66 rating: [rate it]
address: Handschoenmarkt
openingHours: Mon-Fri 10am-5pm, Sat 10am-3pm, Sun 1-4pm
Groenplaats
Edit This

Groenplaats is a big square located in the city centre, just next to Grote Markt and the Cathedral. It was built over the old cemetery of the cathedral and it's characterized by many restaurants and pubs, wich are overlooked by the big statue of Rubens in the middle.
type: Squares
World66 rating: [rate it]
openingHours: all the time =P
KBC Tower
Edit This

KBC Tower was the first skyscraper to be built in Europe (1930)

The tower is nicknamed Boerentoren, Farmer's tower, because the bank, whose headquarters are in the building, at that time was owned by a farmers corporation.
type: Public Buildings
World66 rating: [rate it]
St Jacobskerk
Edit This

Open April-October Mon-Sat 2-5pm, November-March Mon-Sat 9am-noon. This is the church where Rubens was buried, and his close relatives, when he died in 1640.
type: Churches and Cathedrals
World66 rating: [rate it]
address: Lange Nieuwstraat
St Pauluskerk
Edit This

Open May-September 2-5pm. This is a late Gothic church with some interesting carvings.
type: Churches and Cathedrals
World66 rating: [rate it]
addres: Veemarkt
Grote Markt
Edit This
Brabo on Grote Markt
Brabo on Grote Markt
photo by: Ezelhaar

The heart of the City on the Scheldt beats at the 'Grote Markt', an irregularly-shaped square, surrounded by decorative guild houses dating from the 16th and 17th century. This square is home to the statue of Brabo.

According to a 16th century legend his action (flinging a hand, or in Dutch 'Hand werpen') led to the city being given its name. The 15th century City Hall is a successful blend of the Flemish style and Italian Renaissance characteristics.

Probably the best example of this blended architecture is the Stadhuis, the Town Hall built between 1561 and 1564.
type: Squares
World66 rating: [rate it]
Cogels Osylei
Edit This
Houses in Waterloo str.
Houses in Waterloo str.
photo by: Ezelhaar

Art nouveau street, unique architecture from around 1920. The street is located outside of the city centre, near the Berchem train station (where the international train Brussels-Amsterdam stops).
There aren't any buildings you can go in, but it is great to stroll through the street and the side streets (Waterloo street, Transvaal street) where you will find many great buildings and villas.
There are some nice bars and restaurants in the neighborhood too.
type: Squares
World66 rating: [rate it]
address: Cogels Osylei
zipcode: 2018
Stadhuis
Edit This

Located in Grote Markt , the Stadhuis is Antwerpen Town Hall.

Built between 1561 and 1564 it is probably one of the best example of the blending of the Flemish and the Italian Architecture, which characterize most of the buildings in the historical city centre.
type: Public Buildings
World66 rating: [rate it]
Botanical Garden
Edit This
Cafe in Botanical garden
Cafe in Botanical garden
photo by: Ezelhaar

There is a small botanical garden with a greenhouse on Leopoldstreet. It is a great place to sit on the grass (it seems like that is allowed, not sure though).
type: Synagogues
World66 rating: [rate it]
Antwerp Zoo
Edit This

Located right next door to the central station, this is a classic city zoo. Tigers, gorillas and elephants and much more.
type: Parks, Gardens and Zoos
World66 rating: [rate it]
url: www.zooantwerpen.be
address: next to station
City Park
Edit This
City Park
City Park
photo by: Ezelhaar

The triangular shaped city park is okay for a stroll. There is a high bridge over a small stream and there are some man made rock formations.
Located in the diamond quarter near the station.
type: Parks, Gardens and Zoos
World66 rating: [rate it]

___________Getting Around
Edit This

The train station, or the 'Railway Cathedral', is connected with the rest of the city by tram, bus and metro. Tickets can be bought in advance or on the spot. However, a 24-hours pass can only be bought at the Diamant Underground Station (open Mon.-Frid. 8am-12:30pm & 1:30am-4pm) [see below]. The city centre is easily explored by foot. Most sights are between the Central Station and the Scheldt, with a high concentration of churches and cathedrals around the Grote Markt.

The local bus operator, De Lijn http://www.delijn.be, offers extremely cheap tickets covering all of Flanders - a day ticket ('dagpas net') costs just EUR 5 (as at June 2005) and a week's travel ('7-dagenpas net) only EUR 10. According to the website, these tickets are sold by the (multi-lingual) ticket machines as well as by drivers and at DeLijn information offices.

_____Events
Edit This

On the 15th of August, the annual Rubens Market takes place at the Grote Markt. On this public holiday, the market trader sell their wares in traditional Rubens-style clothing.

In July and August, the city of Antwerp is full of events: performances, circus, (street)theatre, film,... All these events take place under the name "Zomer van Antwerpen" For more information, you can look at http://www.zomervanantwerpen.be/ (site in Dutch and French)

_______Nightlife and Entertainment
Edit This
Antwerp has a sparkling nightlife. Besides numerous discos and bars with live music, it is also well known for its abundance of brown cafes. Drinking a 'Koninck' at the Groote Markt will make you feel like a King in Belgium- or at least for the time that your glass, a bolleke , is still full of Belgian beer. Most cafes open their doors around tenish. Especially at the 'Grote Markt' and the 'Handschoenmarkt', you should just sit down, relax and soak in the atmosphere. Live music, especially blues and jazz, is common sense at a lot of clubs. Check the local newspapers or flyers to see what's keeping the city awake at night.

Contributors
June 08, 2005 change by giorgio
Display all
or display just:
Cafes
Casinos Clubs
Clubs and dancing Gay and Lesbian
Theatre

Show best rated on top | Show in alphabetical order

[Add Entertainment place]
Het Paeters Vaetje
Edit This

Small pub with little mezzanine floor. Like in every real Flemish pub you can get something surprisingly tasty to eat at any time. Furthermore, this cafe has over 15O kinds of beers!
type: Cafes
World66 rating: [rate it]
address: Left from the cathedral tower
openinghours: every day till morning
Café de Muze
Edit This

Music bar with performances of local bands. Barton: Every night live Jazz bands. Cool!!!
type: Clubs
World66 rating: [rate it]
address: Melkmarkt 15
Reve's
Edit This

The Reve's is the most famous stripclub in Antwerp, Belgium. The hottest dancers, the hottest dj's, the best music.
type: Casinos
World66 rating: [rate it]
address: Anneessensstraat 21, Antwerp 2018
email: info@thereves.be
openinghours: 24.00h - ...
tel: +32 3 475 20 58
zipcode: http://www.thereves.be
Bourlaschouwburg
Edit This

type: Theatre
World66 rating: [rate it]
address: Komedieplein 18
tel: 03.233.2376
Nanno sur L'o
Edit This

One of the most exclusive places in belgium . Located inside a ship that docks on the Schelde river in Antwep. Has a vip section which offers only bootles no solo glasses .

its open evert thurs- fri- saturday every week from 12.00am untill ....

dresscode buttoned shirt is a must no sneakers
type: Clubs and dancing
World66 rating: [rate it]
url: www.nanno.be
address: Diamond princess boat
Het Oerwoud
Edit This

"Het Oerwoud" meaning The Jungle is a easy to find bar in the center of the city near the river "Schelde". Like most bars it is open untill the early morning hours. Many locals use it as a place to meet and start a long night out. The kitchen is open all night and the home made tomate soup is to die for!
type: Cafes
World66 rating: [rate it]
address: Corner Suikerrui and Kaaien
openinghours: noon till ...
Swingcafé
Edit This

Jazz and blues. Closes its doors around midnight.
type: Clubs
World66 rating: [rate it]
address: Suikerrui 13
Sloppy Store
Edit This

Good club when you feel like dancing. Open Thurs.-Sat.
type: Clubs
World66 rating: [rate it]
address: Jan van Gentstraat 7
Café d'Anvers
Edit This

where Amsterdam and Brussels come to party... Cafe d Anvers is a classic!
type: Clubs and dancing
World66 rating: [rate it]
address: Verversrui (red light district)
url: www.cafedanvers.com
Den Draak
Edit This

Gay and Lesbian cafe near Cogels Ocylei profits are going to community projects for gay integration.
type: Gay and Lesbian
World66 rating: [rate it]
address: Draakplaats 1
Club Cabane
Edit This

An exclusive beach club in Antwerp...

www.clubcabane.be


type: Clubs and dancing
World66 rating: [rate it]

________Museums
Edit This
There are many great museums in Antwerp.

[Add Museum]
Ethnografisch Museum (ethnographic museum)
Edit This

A museum, not far from the Grote Markt, which shows of with a very intresting collection of ethnic arts and historical information about the more primitive arts and objects from all over the world.
type: Hotspots
World66 rating: [rate it]
address: Suikerrui 19
tel: 03.220.8600
Museum voor Schone Kunsten (Museum of Fine Arts)
Edit This

The Fine Arts Museum houses over a thousand works by painters from th old days, including the Flemish Primitives. In addition, you can enjoy over 1 500 more recent works. Naturally, this is where you will find the world's most beautiful and largest collection of the work of Antwerp's great master Rubens.
type: Museum
World66 rating: [rate it]
address: Plaatsnijdersstraat 2
tel: 03.238.7809
Nationaal Scheepsvaart Museum (The National Maritime Museum)
Edit This
Scheepvaart Museum
Scheepvaart Museum
photo by: Ezelhaar

It is housed in the 'Steen', the oldest building in Antwerp. An impressive range of ship's models and an open-air department with real ships, make this museum one of the most fascinating in the city -if the maritime business makes your heart beat faster.
type: Museum
World66 rating: [rate it]
address: Steenplein 1
tel: 03.232.0850
Rubenshuis (Rubens Museum)
Edit This

Open:Tuesdays-Sundays 10am-4:45pm. You can see Rubens' work in many churches and museums. The Rubenhuis on the Wapper, where the painter lived and worked, still exudes the grandeur of the height of the Antwerp Baroque. In this museum, thanks to the furniture objects d'art and works from the master's private collection, you can relive Rubens' time.
type: Museum
World66 rating: [rate it]
address: Wapper 9
Mayer van den Bergh Museum
Edit This

This museum is dedicated to fine and applied arts, particularly from the 14th to the 16th century. Besides pictures and sculptures, you will find a unique collection of tapestries an furniture.
type: Museum
World66 rating: [rate it]
address: Lange Gasthuisstraat 19
tel: 03.232.4237
MUKHA -The Museum of Contemporary Art
Edit This

This museum has a collection of mainly Belgian art from the nineteen-seventies.
type: Museum
World66 rating: [rate it]
address: Leuvensstraat 32
tel: 03.238.5960
Museum Plantin-Moretus
Edit This

Open Tuesdays-Sundays 10am-4:45pm. This was the house of the printer Christopher Plantin, the father-in-law of Mortus, who was a close friend of Rubens. The museum shows how the 16th century printing plant actually worked and how the Plantin family took care of their business. One can find a fine collection of bibles, prints and family portraits. These portraits were mostly made by the illustrator of the family, Rubens.
type: Museum
World66 rating: [rate it]
Provinciaal Diamant Museum
Edit This

Open daily 10am-5pm, except on the 25th & 26th of December and the 1st and 2nd of January. The Provincial Diamond Museum lies in the heart of the Diamond District, the streets behind the Central Station. This part of the city is known as the 'Jerusalem of the North', because it has the largest settlement of Orthodox Jews in this part of Europe. In the Diamond Museum, you can learn about every facet of diamonds, which have made Antwerp the world centre of diamond cutting and trading.
type: Museum
World66 rating: [rate it]
address: Lange Herentalsestraat 31-33
tel: 03.202.4890
Rockoxhuis Museum
Edit This

In the decorative Rockoxhuis, Ruben has a substantial presence, ogether with Jordaens, Matsys and Van Dyck.
type: Museum
World66 rating: [rate it]
url: www.rockoxhuis.be

_________Things to do
Edit This

As in most historic cities, just walking around en enjoying the views of the streets is a very rewarding activity.

The Antwerp people often turn this habit around : they will sit outside on the terrace of a bar to have some drinks. This is called "een terraske doen" (doing a terrace). Meanwhile, they enjoy watching the people that pass by. The prime location for this is the Groenplaats, but you can practice it anywhere.

Another good plan is to take a guided tour. If you want it to be something special, take a nighttime tour like the Antwerp GhostWalk tour.


[Add Activity]
Antwerp Ghostwalk
Edit This

Guided tour through the dark history of Antwerp.
Antwerp Ghostwalk offers evening walks through the historical old town that focus on ghostly legends and thrilling stories. On the way you discover many special places that all have fascinating tales to tell.
type: Other
World66 rating: [rate it]
url: www.ghostwalk.be
email: info@ghostwalk.be
Questo articolo è rilasciato sotto i termini della GNU Free Documentation License
Esso utilizza materiale tratto da http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anversa
Cronologia/Autori:  http://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anversa&action=history

Anversa

Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.

 
 Questa voce di Belgio è solo un abbozzo: contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia.
  Per approfondire, vedi la voce Turismo in Belgio.
Grote Markt di Anversa

Anversa (in olandese Antwerpen) è una città del Belgio.

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Situata sulla riva destra della Schelda, a circa 90 km dal mare del Nord, Anversa doveva la propria importanza alla sua vantaggiosissima posizione geografica.

Le prime notizie della città risalgono al 640, allorché San Amando per primo vi predicò e vi costruì una chiesa; sugli antichi insediamenti di pescatori, la città iniziò a svilupparsi soprattutto grazie all'opera di bonifica operata da alcuni Benedettini irlandesi, che durante il IX secolo vi costruirono una fortezza e decisero di stabilirvisi. Fu soprattutto nel XIII secolo, quando le venne riconosciuto il titolo di città, che Anversa cominciò ad essere visitata dai mercanti italiani, ed iniziò ad acquisire rinomanza come centro mercantile.

Al principio del XIV secolo era già divenuta un importante centro di transito del traffico commerciale tra la Germania e il mare del Nord, in concorrenza con Brugge, che nei primi decenni del XV secolo fu nettamente superata.
Fu però solo durante il XVI secolo che Anversa acquistò straordinaria importanza a livello europeo, e sulle banchine del suo porto iniziarono ad approdare in gran numero navi cariche di mercanzie provenienti da ogni dove: bianche e carezzevoli lane inglesi, zucchero di canna indiano, cuoi, odorose spezie, drappi inglesi, legni svedesi e allume italiano.

Il Guicciardini fa coincidere ciò che denomina "il secondo augumento de più notabili, che ha fatto questa città tanto grande, ricca e famosa" con l'influenza dei Portoghesi, che in seguito a "meravigliosa e stupenda navigazione […] cominciarono a condurre le spezierie e le drogherie d'India in Portogallo e poi di Portogallo condurle alle fiere in questa terra", togliendone così il monopolio ai veneziani che lo detenevano da tempo. Questo commercio, insiste Ludovico, "attrasse a poco a poco gli Alemanni" e "parecchie onorate case di Spagnoli". "Et così intorno all'anno MDXVI, seguitando l'un l'altro, tutti i mercanti forestieri, in Bruggia residenti, eccettuato parte degli Spagnoli, che là restarono, vennero con non minor danno di quella città, che profitto di questa, qua a dimorare!"

Vista di Anversa

Infatti verso la fine del XV secolo a causa di varie circostanze si colloca il declino di Brugge. Ad esso corrispose un crescente sviluppo della prosperità di Anversa, "che attirò da Bruggia […] quando manco l'aspettava e più insuperbiva" le più importanti casate di banchieri "tutte famiglie di gran seguito, e di grandissimo traffico" come i Welser e i Fugger.
Questi ultimi erano senz'altro i più ricchi e potenti finanzieri del '500. Agli inizi del '400 non erano altro che una famiglia di tessitori di Augusta che incominciava ad estendere la propria attività al commercio; ma tra la fine del '400 e i primi decenni del '500, essi avevano già dato vita ad una straordinaria fortuna.
L'azienda, organizzata sul modello delle compagnie italiane, assunse in breve tempo rilevanti proporzioni, adeguate a gestire un volume di affari che non conosceva più frontiere. La loro ricchezza si fece proverbiale, tanto che in Spagna si usava comunemente dire "rico como un Fucar".
I Fugger arrivarono in città con un seguito di fattori, ministri, servitori; e soprattutto, con i loro capitali portando una nuova ventata di prosperità all'intera metropoli.

"Il terzo e fresco augumento" viene poi fatto iniziare "dopo la passata di monsignore di Lungavalle e di Martino Van Raffem", quando "si risuolarono prudentissimamente di fabbricare la predetta muraglia". Ovvero nel 1542, anno della costruzione delle nuove mura della città, e dell'assorbimento di alcune importanti fiere e traffici commerciali: "di questa maniera in breve tempo, è tanto aumentata e aggrandita questa città, che se tu ne cavi Parigi, non troverai di qua dai monti terra più ricca". Difatti anche in Anversa si svilupparono le fiere. "La fiera è baraonda" - dice Braudel - "fracasso, musica popolare, festa, il mondo alla rovescia, disordine, talvolta tumulto".
Era così anche in Anversa, ove si tenevano come ricorda il Guicciardini quattro fiere annuali "molto privilegiate", all'interno delle quali si svolgevano numerose operazioni mercantili. Le maggiori erano due: la Sinksenmarkt e la Bamismarkt. Entrambe si protraevano per circa sei o sette settimane: la Sinksenmarkt, fiera di Pentecoste, iniziava a giugno e si concludeva ad agosto inoltrato, e la Bamismarkt, fiera di San Bavo, che iniziava in settembre e si concludeva a metà novembre.
Entrambe queste fiere erano frequentate da mercanti provenienti da ogni paese d'Europa e vedevano, anche, un'enorme partecipazione popolare.
Anche Dürer riferisce di essere stato durante il suo quinto soggiorno in Anversa ad una fiera "quella dei cavalli", "nelle quali fiere" - ci dice il Guicciardini - "da ogni banda del paese e di fuora infino di Danimarca viene quantità grandissima di cavalli di ogni sorte, che veramente fa bel vedere e buon provvedersi".

Lo sviluppo di Anversa fu rapido, fra il 1505 e il 1545 i proventi della sua dogana raddoppiarono. Nella città della Schelda si ridistribuivano le spezie e il sale del Portogallo, si introducevano le drapperie inglesi per il finissaggio e la tintura, ma anche i vini di Spagna e di Francia, lo zucchero dei Tropici, il legno svedese e l'allume italiano.
Così la città fungendo da collegamento tra il bacino mediterraneo e quello baltico, divenne il baricentro dei traffici internazionali; furono questi la vera sorgente delle sue fortune.

Castello "Het Steen"

È tra il 1535 e il 1557 che si può collocare il periodo più florido per lo sviluppo della città; quando arrivano dalla Spagna in direzione del porto della Schelda, enormi quantità di argento e oro americano.
Il picco, sia in popolazione che in prosperità, venne raggiunto però solo un po' più tardi, nel 1566. La popolazione toccò un apice di circa 100.000 abitanti, un numero decisamente enorme per quei tempi, anche per una città che come Anversa, solo nel 1496 ne poteva già contare circa 40.000.
Un tale aumento di popolazione non era certo da attribuirsi ad un naturale incremento, bensì alla consistente presenza di immigrati, i quali, come nota Braudel: "non sempre sono uomini di fatica o di qualità mediocre" ma anzi: "spesso recarono tecniche nuove non meno indispensabili alla vita urbana delle loro persone".
L'immigrazione che interessò la città fu appunto un'immigrazione di alto livello. Banchieri e mercanti attratti dallo sviluppo economico incominciarono ad arrivare fin dagli inizi del XVI secolo. Un così rapido sviluppo del numero degli abitanti provocò, come non è difficile intuire, una crisi degli alloggi. A questa, la città fece fronte costruendo numerose nuove abitazioni, strade e mura, che trasformarono fortemente l'intera struttura urbana della città.
Il Guicciardini, che si trovava in Anversa durante questi anni, ci lascia la descrizione di una città abbondante di ogni mercanzia: "Anverfa – dice – è benissimo provveduta di vettovaglie, perché oltre a quelle che i forestieri di ogni parte ci conducono, molti provveditori di tutta la provincia […] con gran provvigione giornalmente ci concorrono, talché non solamente abbondanza di ogni cosa per il vitto ordinario ci si trova ma ci si trova ancora abbondanza grandissima per ogni estraordinario".

Tuttavia come ci spiega Braudel, i motivi dell'ascesa della città, che in pochi anni riuscì a divenire la vera capitale dell'Atlantico, sono i più svariati. Si trattò di un fenomeno complesso non riconducibile né al semplice fatto che i maggior consumatori di spezie si trovavano nel Nord, né al fatto che Venezia era ormai stata messa fuori gioco.
Infatti se è vero che Anversa si sostituì a Brugge è però altrettanto vero che essa si pose al centro dell'intera economia internazionale, cosa che Brugge non era mai riuscita a fare. "Anversa dunque non fu la semplice erede della vicina rivale […] fu lo spostamento delle rotte mondiali alla fine del secolo XV, insieme all'abbozzo di un economia atlantica, a decidere della sua sorte: per lei tutto cambiò nel 1501, con l'arrivo sulle banchine della Schelda di una nave portoghese carica di pepe e di noce moscata. Altre ne seguirono".

 

[modifica] Decadenza

Al periodo di ascesa iniziato durante i primi decenni del Cinquecento e culminato tra il 1535 e il 1557, seguì la crisi e l'inesorabile periodo di discesa.
La crescita della città fu infatti interrotta sul finire del secolo, dagli eventi della Rivolta dei Paesi Bassi. La funzione di Anversa andò così mutando, e il suo ruolo di emporio del mondo, riducendosi progressivamente.

Già dall'inverno del 1564 le cose avevano iniziato a peggiorare. Il clima era stato particolarmente rigido, avanzava sempre più l'interramento della Schelda, e, proveniente dalla Francia, aveva iniziato ad affermarsi tra le fila degli artigiani la dottrina calvinista.
Inoltre, se è vero che Anversa era sempre stata una tra le città più tolleranti d'Europa dove avevano trovato rifugio anche gli anabattisti e gli ebrei, con l'ascesa al trono del nuovo re Filippo II le cose erano destinate a cambiare profondamente.

La cattedrale di Anversa

Governare i Paesi Bassi era una fortuna. Ne sapeva qualcosa Carlo V che pare ne ricavasse ogni anno risorse sette volte superiori a quelle che ricavava dall'America; ma non era facile. Carlo vi era riuscito rispettando la tradizione autonomista di quella regione.
La politica di Filippo II rappresentò dunque una brusca inversione di tendenza, che gli fece guadagnare in un sol colpo l'opposizione di tutte le famiglie aristocratiche, dai ricchi borghesi alle classi cittadine.
Filippo II si mosse fin dall'inizio con molta intransigenza. "Potete assicurare a Sua Santità" –scrisse all'ambasciatore Spagnolo a Roma nel 1566- "che piuttosto che permettere il minimo danno alla religione e al servizio di Dio, perderei tutti i miei stati e cento vite, se le avessi; perché né mi propongo né desidero essere sovrano di eretici". Fece pubblicare le risoluzioni del concilio di Trento, e ne pretese la rigida applicazione, dando ordine di perseguitare con il massimo rigore i protestanti. Dalla lontana Castiglia non si mostrò dunque in grado di comprendere adeguatamente le caratteristiche particolari di quella parte del suo impero così distante, sia geograficamente che culturalmente, dalla Spagna.

La rivolta ebbe inizio nel 1566, proprio dagli strati popolari delle città dove il Calvinismo era penetrato maggiormente: Anversa, Brugge, Tournai, Gent, e Ieper.
Filippo inviò nei Paesi Bassi alla testa di un potente esercito il duca d'Alba, il quale eseguì con la massima severità le istruzioni del suo sovrano. Dal 1567 al 1573 i soldati del duca procedettero a una sistematica repressione che soffocò la rivolta nel sangue. La "furia spagnola" suscitò una grande impressione in tutta Europa; veri e propri massacri si abbatterono sulla popolazione inerme, sulle donne e i bambini, numerose case furono incendiate, e migliaia di persone furono sottoposte a riscatto e spesso assassinate. Così scriveva un mercante che si trovava allora ad Anversa: "Las cosas de la tierra andan de peor en peor y sin esperansa de ninguna salud"; e non diversamente descrive la situazione un suo contemporaneo, anch'esso in Anversa durante quei difficili giorni: "Mataron al entrar mucha gente, y despuesde ganada la villa, començo el saco que durò 3 dias […] Usòse en el todo lo que en semejantes tiempos se suole hacer, sin tener respecto a estranjeros ni naturales, que todos pasaron por una medida, y hubo personas a quienes costò el rescate de su casa 6.000 ducatos […] Con este desventurado suçeso no se trata de negoçios ni a cobrar maravidì, y todo bate en buscar dinero pera pagar a los soldatos y llevar la Moneda lo que cada uno tiene para hacer dinero".

Se la prosperità economica della città era stata sempre favorita da una tolleranza largamente praticata, disastrose furono le conseguenze della politica di Filippo II. Essa provocò infatti, l'inevitabile esodo di numerosi mercanti che in Anversa cominciavano a non sentirsi più al sicuro; Luis Alvares Caldeira scrisse a Simon Ruiz: "Las naciones se van saliendo daquì poco a poco para Colonia, y lo mismo haré yo en fin déste, si no oviera otra cosa de por medio que me lo impida".

La partenza di questi mercanti, che erano il vero cuore pulsante per l'economia della città, e l'interruzione dei lavori che si erano iniziati sul fondo della Schelda per poter permettere anche alle navi più pesanti di raggiungere Anversa, provocarono l'inevitabile decadenza della città, che andò perdendo per sempre parte della sua influenza a livello europeo. Ma il vero dramma per la città sarà proprio la riconquista dopo un lungo assedio da parte di Alessandro Farnese, un avvenimento che, come ha scritto Pirenne, trasformò Anversa da piazza marittima a città "mediterranéenne".

 

[modifica] Monumenti

  • Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekathedraal (Cattedrale di Nostra Signora)
  • Rubenshuis (Casa di Rubens)
  • Sint-Pauluskerk (Chiesa di San Paolo)
  • Sint-Carolus-Borromeuskerk (Chiesa di San Carolo Borromeo)
  • Sint-Andrieskerk (Chiesa di San Andrea)
  • Sint-Jacob-de-Meerderekerk (Chiesa di San Giacomo Maggiore)
  • Sint-Walburgiskerk (Chiesa di Santa Walburga)
  • Koninklijk Museum voor Schone Kunsten (Museo Reale di Belle Arti)
  • Museum voor Hedendaagse Kunst Antwerpen (MUHKA - Museo di Arte contemporanea)
  • Provinciaal Diamantmuseum (Museo provinciale del Diamante)